Cogprints: No conditions. Results ordered Title. 2018-01-17T14:21:53ZEPrintshttp://cogprints.org/images/sitelogo.gifhttp://cogprints.org/1999-09-05Z2011-03-11T08:53:53Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/393This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3931999-09-05ZAcceptance of a Theory: Justification or Rhetoric?The rhetoric-analytic critique of experimental psychology owes its apparent attractiveness to (a) some erroneous ideas about cognitive psychology and the rationale of experimentation, (b) the failure to distinguish between prior data and evidential data vis-à-vis the to-be-corroborated explanatory theory, and (c) evidential data owes their identity to a theory that is independent of the theory being tested. Theories in cognitive psychology are accepted because they can withstand concerted efforts to falsify them.Siu L. Chow1998-03-31Z2011-03-11T08:53:46Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/255This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2551998-03-31ZAct, Aim, and Unscientific ExplanationAgainst the claim that folk psychology is a theory, I contend thatfolk psychology is not empirically vulnerable in the same way theories are, and has evaluative functions that make it irreplaceable by a scientific theory. It is neither would-be nor has-been science.L. Hauser2001-06-26Z2011-03-11T08:54:44Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1654This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/16542001-06-26ZApproach to a model of the aging phenomenonNumerous physiological theories of aging have been proposed; most of them approach the problem in an essentially local manner, stressing the role of a particular factor intervening at a certain level and the resulting pathological consequences. But they do not allow for a combination of the different phenomena observed in the aging process.
This paper proposes a more unified and global approach to this process. It is presented in the frame of a mathematical model for complex systems with a hierarchy of internal regulation centers (CR), developed by the authors in preceding papers; the dynamics of such a system depends on a dialectics between these CRs due to their different complexity level and different timescales.
Aging for an organism is described as a consequence of this dialectics, that progressively triggers a "cascade of de/resynchronizations" between the CRs, resulting from the reduction in stability of complex components (increase in turnover or acceleration of degradation) and the increase in transmission delays for functioning and repair. This temporal imbalance comes from the interplay between external stochastic disturbances and more or less predetermined sub-systems with limited capacities for repair.
Jean-Paul VanbremeerschAndrée C. Ehresmann2006-09-25Z2011-03-11T08:56:37Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5178This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/51782006-09-25ZAre Null Results Becoming an Endangered Species in Marketing?Editorial procedures in the social and biomedical sciences are said to promote studies that falsely reject the null hypothesis. This problem may also exist in major marketing journals. Of 692 papers using statistical significance tests sampled from the Journal of Marketing, Journal of
Marketing Research, and Journal of Consumer Research between 1974 and 1989, only 7.8% failed to reject the null hypothesis. The percentage of null results declined by one-half from the 1970s to the 1980s. The JM and the JMR registered marked decreases. The small percentage of insignificant results could not be explained as being due to inadequate statistical power.
Various scholars have claimed that editorial policies in the social and medical sciences are biased against studies reporting null results, and thus encourage the proliferation of Type 1 errors (erroneous rejection of the null hypothesis). Greenwald (1975, p. 15) maintains that Type I publication errors are underestimated to the extent that they are: “. . . frightening, even calling into question the scientific basis for much published literature.”
Our paper examines the publication frequency of null results in marketing. First, we discuss how editorial policies might foster an atmosphere receptive to Type I error proliferation. Second, we review the evidence on the publication of null results in the social and biomedical sciences. Third, we report on an empirical investigation of the publication frequency of null results in the marketing literature. Fourth, we examine power levels for statistically insignificant findings in marketing to see if they are underpowered and thus less deserving of publication. Finally, we provide suggestions to facilitate the publication of null results. Raymond HubbardJ. Scott Armstrong1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:54:15Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/738This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7381998-09-06ZBook review of _The Egalitarians -- Human and Chimpanzee_ by Margaret PowerThis book combines some very interesting ideas with stunningly poor scholarship to create a potentially missleading book. Because the basic thesis -- that episodic extreme aggression seen among chimpanzees at Gombe and Mahale has been artificially induced by provisioning -- has been widely considered and parallels other criticisms of nonhuman primate data (e.g. debates over the 'naturalness' of langur infanticide), there is a risk people unfamiliar with the chimpanzee data will accept her conclusions uncritically. At the same time, her attempt to integrate developmental psychology with socioecology in humans and apes is interesting and it'd be a shame to dismiss that approach simply because of the poor application. Secondarily, the book should be of interest to historians of science because it maps so clearly onto the tradition of contrasting Rousseauian and Hobbesian views of (human) nature.Jim Moore1998-03-06Z2011-03-11T08:54:06Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/609This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6091998-03-06ZA brief introduction to the Word Associate TestAn examination format assessing the intraverbal repertoire of individuals in psychology is described and results using it reported. The Associate Test is easy to prepare, to take, and to grade. Its reliability measures are satisfactory; its ability to predict later behavior is reported upon. The Associate Test is computer friendly, and its methods can be applied for examination in any field, and at any level.W S Verplanck2000-11-16Z2011-03-11T08:54:26Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1099This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/10992000-11-16ZCognitive Science and Psychiatry: An OverviewABSTRACT
Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary field, comprising cognitivepsychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology. In recent years, cognitive science has become a predominant paradigm in studies of the mind. This paper reviews work at the emerging interface between cognitive science and psychiatry. It is argued that cognitive science has significant potential as an integrative framework for theorizing and researching psychiatric disorders and their treatment.
Dan J. Stein2001-01-08Z2011-03-11T08:54:28Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1185This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/11852001-01-08ZCognitive Science and Psychiatry: An overview ABSTRACT
Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary field, comprising cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology. In recent years, cognitive science has become a predominant paradigm in studies of the mind. This paper reviews work at the emerging interface between cognitive science and psychiatry. It is argued that cognitive science has significant potential as an integrative framework for theorizing and researching psychiatric disorders and their treatment.
Dan J. Stein1998-06-19Z2011-03-11T08:54:12Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/692This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6921998-06-19ZA Cognitive-Systemic Reconstruction of Maslow's Theory of Self-ActualizationMaslow's need hierarchy and model of the self-actualizing personality are reviewed and criticized. The definition of self-actualization is found to be confusing, and the gratification of all needs is concluded to be insufficient to explain self-actualization. Therefore the theory is reconstructed on the basis of a second-order, cognitive-systemic framework. A hierarchy of basic needs is derived from the urgency of perturbations which an autonomous system must compensate in order to maintain its identity. It comprises the needs for homeostasis, safety, protection, feedback and exploration. Self-actualization is redefined as the perceived competence to satisfy these basic needs in due time. This competence has three components: material, cognitive and subjective. Material and/or cognitive incompetence during childhood create subjective incompetence, which in turn inhibits the further development of cognitive competence, and thus of self-actualization.Francis Heylighen2001-07-17Z2011-03-11T08:54:44Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1682This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/16822001-07-17ZConditional Reasoning: Scenario or context effectsThis paper study the importance of contextual factors in reasoning with conditional inference tasks. In this experiment subjects were given conditional sentences in the context of narrative texts, Short stories about scenarios of the daily life were described in this texts.
The experiment manipulated: a) context (causal or promises/threats), b) degree of factual relation between antecedent and consequent of conditional (deterministic, probabilistic or without relation), c) congruence between the factual consequence explicit in the story and the logic conclusion and d) conditional rules.
The results were related to previous investigations about syllogistic inference (Valiña & de Vega, 1988; Valiña, 1988)and conditional reasoning (Seoane & Valiña, 1988) and were discussed within the framework of theoretical models about pragmatic reasoning.Mª Dolores ValiñaGloria SeoaneSonnya GheringMª José FerracesXosé Fernández-Rey2001-06-18Z2011-03-11T08:54:41Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1583This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/15832001-06-18ZConnecting Object to Symbol in Modeling CognitionIn this toy model of the simplest form of categorization performed by neural
nets, CP effects arise as a natural side-effect of the way these particular nets
accomplish categorization. Whether the CP effect is universal or peculiar to
some kinds of nets (cf. Grossberg 1984), whether the nets' capacity to do
simple one-dimensional categorization will scale up to the full
multidimensional categorization capacities of human beings, how the
grounded labels of these sensory categories are to be combined into strings of
symbols that function as propositions about higher-order category
membership, and how the nonarbitrary "shape" constraints these symbols
inherit from their grounding will affect the functioning of such a hybrid symbol
system remain questions for future research. If these results can be
generalized, however, the "warping" of analog similarity space may be a
significant factor in grounding.Stevan Harnad2003-06-06Z2011-03-11T08:55:17Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3004This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/30042003-06-06ZDealing with dynamic systems: Research strategy, diagnostic approach and experimental resultsThe method of computer-simulated scenarios has recently been introduced to study how people solve complex problems. This article describes a special approach to constructing such microworlds by means of linear structural equation systems. The subjects' task is to first identify in a knowledge application phase the causal structure of a hitherto unknown system. In a later knowledge application phase they try to control this system with respect to a given goal state. Verbalizable knowledge that was acquired on the task is assessed both my means of causal diagrams as well as by the degree of successful control performance. Five experiments on special attributes of such systems illustrate the approach. The experiments investigated effects of active interventions versus observation only, effects of different degrees of Eigendynamik, the influence of different degrees of side effects, the role of prior knowledge, the amount of controllability and number of variables to be controlled. These factors have considerable effects on identification of the system structure and control of its states, these being two central indicators of complex problem solving. Three topics are identified as main goals for future research: (1) separation of different sources of variance (person, system, situation); (2) research on reliability and validity of performance indicators; (3) development of measures for an operators' heuristic and strategic knowledge.Joachim Funke1998-12-13Z2011-03-11T08:54:17Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/772This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7721998-12-13ZEmergenesis: Genetic traits that may not run in familes.Traits that are influenced by a configuration--rather than by a simple sum-- of polymorphic genes may not be seen to be genetic unless one studies monozygotic twins (who share all their genes and thus all gene configurations) because such emergenic traits will tend not to run in families. Personal idiosyncrasies that have been found to be surprisingly concordant among MZ twins separated in infancy and reared apart may be emergenic traits. More speculatively, important human traits like leadership, genius in its many manfestations, being an eflective therapist or parent, as well as certain psychopathological syndromes, may also be emergenic. These ideas re-emphasize the importance of the role played in human aflairs by genetic variation.D.T. LykkenT.J.Jr. BouchardM. McGueA. Tellegen2004-04-06Z2011-03-11T08:55:27Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3392This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/33922004-04-06ZEvolutionary aspects of love and empathy Love has always been a central preoccupation in individual human lives, but there has been little consideration of it by psychologists or other scientists and little attempt to explain it as an evolutionary phenomenon. There are various possible behavioral precursors of love: animal "love", empathy, group feeling, sexuality, the mother/infant bond. The principal candidates are sexuality and the mother/infant bond. Sexuality has been favored as an origin by those few writers who have discussed the issue but has characteristics which distinguish it sharply from love and make it an unlikely precursor. However, the mother/infant bond alone does not fully account for the characteristics of human love. Love evolved as the outcome of interaction between the genetic basis for mother/infant attachment and other capabilities of the evolving human manifested in and made possible by the increase in human brain- size: enlarged cognitive capacity, improved communication abilities and the evolution of language. The capacity for language led to the emergence of the conscious self, and with this the capability to recognise and empathise the selfhood of others. The deepening of the mother/infant attachment into love played, and still plays, an essential role in the transmission of culture from one generation to the next and in making possible the cohesion of the human group. This account fits well with recent research into the process and significance of the mother/infant relation. Robin Allott2004-01-20Z2011-03-11T08:55:27Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3393This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/33932004-01-20ZEVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF LOVE AND EMPATHY Love has always been a central preoccupation in individual human lives, but there has been little consideration of it by psychologists or other scientists and little attempt to explain it as an evolutionary phenomenon. There are various possible behavioral precursors of love: animal "love", empathy, group feeling, sexuality, the mother/infant bond. The principal candidates are sexuality and the mother/infant bond. Sexuality has been favored as an origin by those few writers who have discussed the issue but has characteristics which distinguish it sharply from love and make it an unlikely precursor. However, the mother/infant bond alone does not fully account for the characteristics of human love. Love evolved as the outcome of interaction between the genetic basis for mother/infant attachment and other capabilities of the evolving human manifested in and made possible by the increase in human brain- size: enlarged cognitive capacity, improved communication abilities and the evolution of language. The capacity for language led to the emergence of the conscious self, and with this the capability to recognise and empathise the selfhood of others. The deepening of the mother/infant attachment into love played, and still plays, an essential role in the transmission of culture from one generation to the next and in making possible the cohesion of the human group. This account fits well with recent research into the process and significance of the mother/infant relation. Robin Allott1998-04-14Z2011-03-11T08:53:47Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/267This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2671998-04-14ZFilling in versus finding out: A ubiquitous confusion in cognitive scienceOne of the things you learn if you read books and articles in (or about) cognitive science is that the brain does a lot of "filling in"--not filling in, but "filling in"--in scare quotes. My claim today will be that this way of talking is not a safe bit of shorthand, or an innocent bit of temporizing, but a source of deep confusion and error. The phenomena described in terms of "filling in" are real, surprising, and theoretically important, but it is a mistake to conceive of them as instances of something being filled in, for that vivid phrase always suggests too much--sometimes a little too much, but often a lot too much. Here are some examples (my boldface throughout).Daniel Dennett2007-11-13T01:06:13Z2011-03-11T08:56:59Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5800This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/58002007-11-13T01:06:13ZGastric vagotomy blocks opioid analgesia enhancement produced by placenta ingestionIngestion of amniotic fluid or placenta by rats has been shown to enhance opioid-mediated analgesia induced by morphine injection, footshock, vaginal/cervical stimulation, or late pregnancy. This enhancement by ingestion appears to be specific to the central actions of opioids. The present study was designed to examine the possibility that information traveling via the vagus nerve might be involved in mediating this effect. Rats that had undergone either selective gastric vagotomy or sham vagotomy were injected with either morphine sulfate or vehicle and fed either placenta or a meat control. Enhancement was observed in rats that had undergone sham vagotomy but not in those that had undergone gastric vagotomy. These results support an interpretation of vagal involvement in the enhancement of opioid-mediated analgesia by placenta.J. A. TarapackiA. C. ThompsonDr. Mark B. Kristalkristal@buffalo.edu1999-06-15Z2011-03-11T08:53:40Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/99This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/991999-06-15ZGeneric mesoscopic neural networks based on statistical mechanics of neocortical interactionsA series of papers over the past decade [the most recent being L. Ingber, Phys. Rev. A 44, 4017 (1991)] has developed a statistical mechanics of neocortical interactions (SMNI), deriving aggregate behavior of experimentally observed columns of neurons from statistical electrical-chemical properties of synaptic interactions, demonstrating its capability in describing large-scale properties of short-term memory and electroencephalographic systematics. This methodology also defines an algorithm to construct a mesoscopic neural network, based on realistic neocortical processes and parameters, to record patterns of brain activity and to compute the evolution of this system. Furthermore, this algorithm is quite generic, and can be used to similarly process information in other systems, especially, but not limited to, those amenable to modeling by mathematical physics techniques alternatively described by path-integral Lagrangians, Fokker-Planck equations, or Langevin rate equations. This methodology is made possible and practical by a confluence of techniques drawn from SMNI itself, modern methods of functional stochastic calculus defining nonlinear Lagrangians, very fast simulated reannealing, and parallel-processing computation.Lester Ingber1998-03-31Z2011-03-11T08:54:07Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/624This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6241998-03-31ZGoal-Based ScenariosSchank argues that educational systems (for schools or business)should be redesigned so they consist of goal-based scenarios (GBS). The intent of a GBS is to provide motivation, a sense of accomplishment and a support system for the student, along with a focus on skills rather than facts. Goal-based scenarios allow students to pursue well-defined goals that they can recognize and understand. These goals must be of inherent interest to the student, and the skills needed to accomplish them must be used by the student in pursuit of the goal in question. The key is to embed instruction inside a student-developed need-to-know situation. When students want to know something to help them in a task they will be determined to learn what they need to know. Subjects such as cost accounting or geography should never be taught separately, but rather introduced within the context of a GBS to assist the student in successfully meeting the goals established by the scenario. Specific examples of GBSs for both schools and business training are provided.Roger C Schank1998-04-14Z2011-03-11T08:53:47Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/269This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2691998-04-14ZHitting the Nail on the HeadThis is a valuable antidote to several different ill-examined preconceptions, but I don't think it has quite succeeded in unmasking and neutralizing the bogey that motivates them all. I shall attempt to do this be reinforcing, with minor caveats, some of the authors' main points. In defense of their 'enactive' account, the authors occasionally protest too much. For instance, the trouble with (external) objectivism is not that it makes the mistake of holding the external environment constant, setting a problem for the organism. Following Levins and Lewontin, they insist on the role of the organism in creating its visual environment, but this is a process that occurs almost entirely on an evolutionary time scale. It is true, as Lewontin has often pointed out, that the chemical composition of the atmosphere, for instance, is as much a product of the activity of living organisms as a precondition of their life, but it is also true that it can be safely treated as a constant, since its changes in response to local organismic activity are usually insignificant as variables in interaction with the variables under scrutiny. The same is true of the colors of objects: they have indeed co-evolved with the color-vision systems of the organisms, but, except on an evolutionary time scale, they are in the main imperturbable by organisms' perceptual activity.Daniel Dennett2001-07-18Z2011-03-11T08:54:44Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1688This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/16882001-07-18Z Interactive Publication: Extending American Physical Society's Discipline-Specific Model for Electronic Publishing.The American Physical Society's Task Force's Report on Electronic Information Systems (this volume) has sounded all the
right chords: The idea is to develop a world scientific information system that will include all the formal scientific literature
that has been, is being, and will be published, as well as the informal unpublished scientific communications that surround
it, all in an electronic form that is searchable and accessible by any scientist anywhere in the world. Stevan Harnad1998-03-13Z2011-03-11T08:53:36Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/4This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/41998-03-13ZIs Consciousness Integrated?In the visual system, the represented features of individual objects (shape, colour, movement, and so on) are distributed both in space and time within the brain. Representations of inner and outer event sequences arrive through different sense organs at different times, and are likewise distributed. Objects are nevertheless perceived as integrated wholes - and event sequences are experienced to form a coherent "consciousness stream." In their thoughtful article, Dennett & Kinsbourne ask how this is achieved.Max Velmans1998-09-29Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/178This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1781998-09-29ZIs the monkeys' world scientifically impenetrable?Cheney & Seyfarth (C&S) argue for a hybrid approach which 'place (empiricistic findings) tentatively within the framework of a more mentalistic approach'(p.9). The book is an important contribution to clarify the value and limits of the intentional approach in interpreting monkey behaviour, particularly C&S's excellent field work with vervets. But, unintentionally, it also demonstrates that cognitive science is more a perspective than a scientific discipline. In order to illustrate this, I shall consider the following topics: evolution of intelligence, concept formation, philosophy of scienceWinand Dittrich1998-06-15Z2011-03-11T08:54:11Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/685This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6851998-06-15ZLearning as social and neural.Representations are created and given meaning in a shared perceptual space, where they are spoken, written, and drawn in the context of social activity. Consequently, problems in science education cross the boundaries of traditional modularization of the mind into separate perceptual, representation, and communication components that act at distinct times, in distinct domains. We illustrate these issues with a case study of physics learning using a simulation program. The learners are initially uncertain about what aspects of motion to see, where the representations are on the screen, and how to express the relationship between vector notation and motion. At a local level, the students jointly coordinate conversational and perception-action processes to maintain a mutually intelligible stream of activity. At a slightly broader level, they use perception, language, and gesture to construct a shared understanding of what the notation on the computer screen means. Even more broadly, the students use their understanding of the notation to relate their activity to ways in which scientists address similar situations. We conclude that learning to make sharp distinctions from a repertoire of fuzzy, everyday descriptions requires simultaneous, coordination of perception, gesture, and language; one cannot assume competence in two areas and analyze only the third.J. RoschelleWilliam J. Clancey2006-12-22Z2011-03-11T08:56:44Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5317This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/53172006-12-22ZA monozygotic mirror-image twin pair with discordant psychiatric illnesses: a neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental evaluationOne piece of genetic evidence for the biological distinctness of schizophrenia and bipolar illness is the rarity of monozygotic twin pairs in which one twin suffers from schizophrenia and the other from bipolar disorder. The authors describe a pair of monozygotic mirror-image twins with discordant diagnoses, schizophrenia in one twin and bipolar or schizoaffective disorder in the other.LB LohrHS Bracha1998-07-19Z2011-03-11T08:54:13Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/722This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7221998-07-19ZNonconscious Acquisition of InformationWe are reviewing and summarizing evidence for the processes of acquisition of information outside of conscious awareness (processing information about covariations, nonconscious indirect and interactive inferences, self-perpetuation of procedural knowledge). A considerable amount of data indicates that as compared to consciously controlled cognition, the nonconscious information-acquisition processes are not only much faster but also structurally more sophisticated in the sense that they are capable of efficient processing of multidimensional and interactive relations between variables. Those mechanisms of nonconscious acquisition of information provide a major channel for the development of procedural knowledge which is indispensable for such important aspects of cognitive functioning as encoding and interpretation of stimuli and the triggering emotional reactions.Pawel LewickiThomas HillMaria Czyzewska1998-06-26Z2011-03-11T08:53:59Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/482This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/4821998-06-26ZParallel Processing of Graph Reachability in DatabasesOne of the features that distinguishes digital libraries from traditional databases is new cost models for client-access to intellectual property. Clients will pay for accessing data items in digital libraries, and we believe that optimizing these costs will be as important as optimizing performance in traditional databases. In this paper we discuss cost models and protocols for accessing digital libraries, with the objective of determining the minimum cost protocol for each model. We expect that in the future information appliances will come equipped with a cost optimizer, in the same way that today computers come with a built-in operating system. This paper makes the initial steps towards a theory and practice of intellectual property cost management.W. Zhang O. Wolfson1998-05-05Z2011-03-11T08:53:48Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/291This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2911998-05-05ZRepresentations of knowing: In defense of cognitive apprenticeship.Sandberg and Wielinga argue in their paper, "Situated Cognition: A paradigm shift?" that "there are no strong reasons to leave the traditional paradigm of cognitive science and AI." They are certainly correct that we should not "disregard evidence and achievements of Cognitive and Instructional Sciences." But they fail to appreciate the implications of the storehouse view of knowledge, which suggests that learning is like putting tools in a shed. Situated cognition arguments against traditional views of learning transfer suggest that human memory does not consist of stored facts and procedures. Perhaps because of the difficulty of this connectionand imagining what the alternative could beSandberg and Wielinga also misconstrue cognitive apprenticeship ("formal education should not just be replaced by 'cognitive apprenticeship'"). They misunderstand the idea of effectively relating formalized subject material to everyday practice, believing Collins et al. to be against the teaching of theories and generalities altogether, when in fact they favor AI applications to education. The practical implication of cognitive apprenticeship is to refocus instructional research on the design process itself: We should design computer systems in partnership with students, teachers, and practitioners in the context of use, so we can produce programs that people can afford and want to use, that promote creativity, and that relate in an honest, pragmatic way to everyday life.William J. Clancey1998-04-14Z2011-03-11T08:53:47Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/268This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2681998-04-14ZReview of Varela et al. & EdelmanTwo books published within months of each other, each critical of the reigning family of working assumptions known as cognitive science, each calling for a more biological vision of the mind and even sharing a slogan: we must see the mind as "embodied". Is this merely a striking coincidence or perhaps a case of convergent evolution of scientific ideas? There are further striking similarities. Francisco Varela, the principle author of The Embodied Mind, is an immunologist-turned-neuroscientist, and so is Gerald Edelman, author of Bright Air, Brilliant Fire. Both books call for a biological counter-revolution to succeed the cognitive revolution, but neither are attracted to the even more radically revolutionary "quantum gravity" speculations of Roger Penrose.Daniel C Dennett2001-07-05Z2011-03-11T08:54:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1612This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/16122001-07-05ZThe role of content and context in pragmatic reasoningThe purpose of this paper is to study pragmatic reasoning in conditional inference tasks, Two experiments were performed, in which the subjects ought to choose among alternative responses, rating their confidence in their choice.
The linguistic form of sentences ("if...then" or "whenever...") and the negativity of antecedent vs consequent was manipulated in the first experiment, with formal content. Thwe second experiment with thematic content, manipulated the context or scenario of problem (causal, temporal or promises/threats) and the probability of factual relation between antecedent and consequent of conditional (deterministics, probabilistics and without relation).
The results were discussed within the framework of the theoretical approaches for human reasoning based upon mental scenarios.Mª Dolores ValiñaGloria SeoaneMontserrat MartínJosé Fernández-ReyMª José Ferraces2000-11-16Z2011-03-11T08:54:27Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1114This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/11142000-11-16ZSchemas in the Cognitive and Clinical Sciences: An Integrative Construct ABSTRACT
This paper is concerned in general with the intersection of cognitive and clinical science and in particular with schema theory. The use of schema theory in the various subdisciplines of cognitive science, as well as by cognitive-behavioral clinicians and psychoanalytically oriented clinicians is reviewed. It is argued that schema theory, in both cognitive and clinical sciences, allows a focus on mental structures their biological basis, their development and change, and on the way in which they direct psychological events. Schema theory not only enables important advances in different clinical schools, but it allows central clinical themes to be tackled in convergent ways. It is concluded that the schema construct allows integration within cognitive science, within the clinic, and between the two.
Dan J. Stein2006-12-22Z2011-03-11T08:56:44Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5316This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/53162006-12-22ZSecond-trimester markers of fetal size in schizophrenia: a study of monozygotic twinsOBJECTIVE: Since the second prenatal trimester is the critical period of massive neural cell migration to the cortex, and fingertip dermal cells migrate to form ridges during this same period, the authors sought to determine whether there are differences in fingertip ridge count in pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia, possibly indicating that a prenatal anatomical insult affected the twins differently. METHOD: The fingertip dermal ridges of 30 pairs of monozygotic twins (23 pairs in which the twins were discordant for schizophrenia and seven pairs in which both twins were normal) were counted by two persons trained in anthropometric research. Intrapair differences in the counts were then measured, and the differences among the pairs of normal twins were compared with the differences among the pairs discordant for schizophrenia. RESULTS: The twins discordant for schizophrenia had significantly greater absolute intrapair differences in total finger ridge count and significantly greater percent intrapair differences than the normal twins; i.e., their fingerprints were significantly less "twin-like." CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that various second-trimester prenatal disturbances in the epigenesis of one twin in a pair discordant for schizophrenia may be related to the fact that only one of the twins expresses his or her genetic predisposition toward schizophrenia. This is consistent with a "two-strike" etiology of schizophrenia: a genetic diathesis plus a second-trimester environmental stressor.HS BrachaEF TorreyII GottesmanLB BigelowC Cunniff1998-04-14Z2011-03-11T08:53:47Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/266This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2661998-04-14ZThe Self as a Center of Narrative GravityWhat is a self? I will try to answer this question by developing an analogy with something much simpler, something which is nowhere near as puzzling as a self, but has some properties in common with selves. What I have in mind is the center of gravity of an object. This is a well-behaved concept in Newtonian physics. But a center of gravity is not an atom or a subatomic particle or any other physical item in the world. It has no mass; it has no color; it has no physical properties at all, except for spatio-temporal location. It is a fine example of what Hans Reichenbach would call an abstractum. It is a purely abstract object. It is, if you like , a theorist's fiction. It is not one of the real things in the universe in addition to the atoms. But it is a fiction that has nicely defined, well delineated and well behaved role within physics.Daniel C Dennett2002-02-09Z2011-03-11T08:54:53Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2075This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/20752002-02-09ZSemantics and Communication for Memory Evolutive SystemsIn a series of preceding papers, the authors have developed the theory of Memory Evolutive Systems which represents a mathematical model (based on Category theory) for natural open self-organizing systems, such as biological, sociological or neural systems. In these systems, the dynamics is modulated by the cooperative or/and competitive interactions between the global system and a net of internal more or less specialized Centers of Regulation (CR) with a differential access to a central hierarchical Memory. Each CR operates at its own complexity level and time-scale, but their strategies are competitive, whence a 'dialectics between heterogeneous CRs which is at the root of higher order cognition.
The problem tackled in the present paper is the emergence of a Semantics in the MES modeling a cognitive system; it relies on the detection of specific invariances by the CRs that leads to classify objects according to their main attributes, and form new formal units representing their invariance classes. The idea is that a (lower) CR, say E, classifies two objects B and C as having 'the same shape' if they activate the same pattern of its actors; however this classification remains implicit for E itself and it can be apprehended only by a higher Ievel CR which may memorize the invariance class by a higher object, called a 'E-concept'. The concepts with respect to the various CRs form the semantic memory which gives more flexibility in the evaluation, selection and memorization of appropriate strategies, as well as in internal or external communications.
Andrée EhresmannJean-Paul Vanbremeersch1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/177This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1771998-09-06ZSociobiology and incest avoidance: a critical look at a critical reviewEprint summary: This short article points out a number of problems with treatment of data & theory in an earlier article by Gregory C. Leavitt in which he mis-cites mainly old papers on inbreeding in nonhumans to support his contention that the human incest taboo does not have a biological component/substrate.Jim Moore1998-04-14Z2011-03-11T08:53:47Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/265This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2651998-04-14Z"Temporal anomalies of consciousness: implications of the uncentered brain"As cognitive science, including especially cognitive neuroscience, closes in on the first realistic models of the human mind, philosophical puzzles and problems that have been conveniently postponed or ignored for generations are beginning to haunt the efforts of the scientists, confounding their vision and leading them down hopeless paths of theory. I will illustrate this claim with a brief look at several temporal phenomena which appear anomalous only because of a cognitive illusion: an illusion about the point of view of the observerix. Since there is no point in the brain where "it all comes together," several compelling oversimplifications of traditional theorizing must be abandoned.Daniel C Dennett2001-06-19Z2011-03-11T08:54:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1625This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/16252001-06-19ZThere Is Only One Mind/Body ProblemIn our century a Frege/Brentano wedge has gradually been driven into the mind/body
problem so deeply that it appears to have split it into two: The problem of "qualia" and the problem of
"intentionality." Both problems use similar intuition pumps: For qualia, we imagine a robot that is
indistinguishable from us in every objective respect, but it lacks subjective experiences; it is mindless.
For intentionality, we again imagine a robot that is indistinguishable from us in every objective respect
but its "thoughts" lack "aboutness"; they are meaningless. I will try to show that there is a way to
re-unify the mind/body problem by grounding the "language of thought" (symbols) in our perceptual
categorization capacity. The model is bottom-up and hybrid symbolic/nonsymbolic.
Stevan Harnad1998-04-14Z2011-03-11T08:53:46Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/264This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2641998-04-14ZTime and the ObserverTwo models of consciousness are contrasted with regard to their treatment of subjective timing. The standard Cartesian Theater model postulates a place in the brain where "it all comes together": where the discriminations in all modalities are somehow put into registration and "presented" for subjective judgment. In particular, the Cartesian Theater model implies that the temporal properties of the content-bearing events occurring within this privileged representational medium determine subjective order. The alternative, Multiple Drafts model holds that whereas the brain events that discriminate various perceptual contents are distributed in both space and time in the brain, and whereas the temporal properties of these various events are determinate, none of these temporal properties determine subjective order, since there is no single, constitutive "stream of consciousness" but rather a parallel stream of conflicting and continuously revised contents. Four puzzling phenomena that resist explanation by the standard model are analyzed: two results claimed by Libet, an apparent motion phenomenon involving color change (Kolers and von Grunau), and the "cutaneous rabbit" (Geldard and Sherrick) an illusion of evenly spaced series of "hops" produced by two or more widely spaced series of taps delivered to the skin. The unexamined assumptions that have always made the Cartesian Theater model so attractive are exposed and dismantled. The Multiple Drafts model provides a better account of the puzzling phenomena, avoiding the scientific and metaphysical extravagances of the Cartesian Theater.Daniel C DennettKinsbourne Marcel2001-11-18Z2011-03-11T08:54:49Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1895This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/18952001-11-18ZTrace Feature Map: A Model of Episodic
Associative MemoryAn approach to episodic associative memory is presented, which has several desirable properties as a human memory model. The design is based on topological feature map representation of data. An ordinary feature map is a classifier, mapping an input vector onto a topologically meaningful location on the map. A trace feature map, in addition, creates a memory trace on that location. The traces can be stored episodically in a single presentation, and retrieved with a partial cue. Nearby traces overlap, which results in plausible memory interference behavior. Performance degrades gracefully as the memory is overloaded. More recent traces are easier to recall as are traces that are unique in the memory.Risto Miikkulainen2001-06-18Z2011-03-11T08:54:41Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1584This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/15842001-06-18ZThe Turing Test Is Not A Trick: Turing Indistinguishability Is A Scientific CriterionIt is important to understand that the Turing Test (TT) is not, nor was it intended to be, a trick; how well one can fool someone
is not a measure of scientific progress. The TT is an empirical criterion: It sets AI's empirical goal to be to generate human-scale
performance capacity. This goal will be met when the candidate's performance is totally indistinguishable from a human's. Until
then, the TT simply represents what it is that AI must endeavor eventually to accomplish scientifically. Stevan Harnad1998-03-13Z2011-03-11T08:53:46Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/247This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2471998-03-13ZTwo Black Boxes: a FableOnce upon a time, there were two large black boxes, A and B, connected by a long insulated copper wire. On box A there were two buttons, marked *a* and *b*, and on box B there were three lights, red, green, and amber. Scientists studying the behavior of the boxes had observed that whenever you pushed the *a* button on box A, the red light flashed briefly on box B, and whenever you pushed the *b* button on box A, the green light flashed briefly. The amber light never seemed to flash. They performed a few billion trials, under a very wide variety of conditions, and found no exceptions. There seemed to them to be a causal regularity, which they conveniently summarized thus:Daniel Dennett2007-08-20Z2011-03-11T08:56:56Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5655This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/56552007-08-20ZTwo Fundamental Factors Affecting Concept Difficulty (in Chinese)On the basis of the improved materials, many factors affecting the concept difficulty were generalized as the following two fundamental factors: attribute saliency (AS) and attribute frequency (AF). The more salient the relevant attribute, or the more frequent it appears in the positive examples, the easier the concept, and vice versa. When the AS or AF of an irrelevant attribute is greater, it will disturb the correct concept formation. In addition, a somewhat strange result was noticed that at least when there are only 2-3 relevant attributes, the number of relevant attributes does not affect the concept difficulty.Z. F. ShaoZ. L. Yang1998-03-04Z2011-03-11T08:54:06Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/608This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6081998-03-04ZVerbal concept "mediators" as simple operantsA series of experiments is summarized, in historical rather than logical order. The results of these experiments indicate that one type of verbal operant, the notate, a discriminated verbal response [For the usage of the terms response and stimulus, see stimulus (3), in the writers glossary (Verplanck, 1957). See also, Stimulus III (Verplanck, 1954); and Gibson (1960).] by a subject to stimuli experimentally presented, occurs in at least four kinds of situations, "concept-identification," "problem-solving," "association" and "conditioning." In two of these it becomes chained with other such operants, to form the notant--a fuller verbal statement about the environment, or the monent--a self-administered instruction, that is, an SD for further behavior. All three classes of operant, each behaving slightly differently from one another in behavior, seem to constitute the behavioral basis of statements about "hypotheses." Unlike "mediating responses," or "processes," these verbal behaviors are not theoretically inferred, or indirectly manipulated, but rather are subject to direct experimental investigation. The relationship of their strength to the strength of the behaviors that they control is demonstrable.W S Verplanck1998-03-21Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/188This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1881998-03-21ZVerbal Language as a Communicative SystemWe human beings may not be the most admirable species on the planet, or the most likely to survive for another millennium, but we are without any doubt at all the most intelligent. We are also the only species with language. What is the relation between these two obvious facts?Daniel C Dennett2001-06-18Z2011-03-11T08:54:41Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1585This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/15852001-06-18ZVirtual Symposium on Virtual MindWhen certain formal symbol systems (e.g., computer programs) are implemented as dynamic physical symbol
systems (e.g., when they are run on a computer) their activity can be interpreted at higher levels (e.g., binary code can be
interpreted as LISP, LISP code can be interpreted as English, and English can be interpreted as a meaningful conversation).
These higher levels of interpretability are called "virtual" systems. If such a virtual system is interpretable as if it had a mind, is
such a "virtual mind" real? This is the question addressed in this "virtual" symposium, originally conducted electronically among
four cognitive scientists: Donald Perlis, a computer scientist, argues that according to the computationalist thesis, virtual minds are
real and hence Searle's Chinese Room Argument fails, because if Searle memorized and executed a program that could pass the
Turing Test in Chinese he would have a second, virtual, Chinese-understanding mind of which he was unaware (as in multiple
personality). Stevan Harnad, a psychologist, argues that Searle's Argument is valid, virtual minds are just hermeneutic
overinterpretations, and symbols must be grounded in the real world of objects, not just the virtual world of interpretations.
Computer scientist Patrick Hayes argues that Searle's Argument fails, but because Searle does not really implement the program:
A real implementation must not be homuncular but mindless and mechanical, like a computer. Only then can it give rise to a mind
at the virtual level. Philosopher Ned Block suggests that there is no reason a mindful implementation would not be a real one.
Patrick HayesStevan HarnadDonald PerlisNed Block