Cogprints: No conditions. Results ordered Title. 2018-01-17T14:22:15ZEPrintshttp://cogprints.org/images/sitelogo.gifhttp://cogprints.org/2001-05-29Z2011-03-11T08:54:39Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1521This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/15212001-05-29ZThe development of food search behavior by rats: the effects of hippocampal damage and haloperidolIntroduction:
The aim of the study was to see if some of the effects of hippocampal brain damage on attention-related function may be mediated perhaps trans-synaptically in the dopamine (DA) system.
Methods:
A food search task in a 16-hole board was developed (based on search studies used to investigate the avian hippocampus (Oades 1976), but suitable for rodents). Food-deprived rats were required to locate 4 pellets located in 4 of 16 holes in an enclosed arena.
Three groups of animals were studied in 11 test sessions : - rats with bilateral hippocampal aspiration lesions, bilateral neocortical damage (overlying the hippocampus), and an unoperated group. Half of each group received haloperidol (DA D2 antagonist) and half saline before sessions 4 through 10. No injections were administered on the first three or the last test session.
Results:
1/ Animals with hippocampal damage visited more non-food holes (errors) than the controls, AND did not develop consistent sequences of food-hole visits as the other animals did.
2/ In unoperated controls haloperidol reduced the number of preferred sequences of food-hole visits, WITHOUT affecting the efficiency of performance as measured by the number of non-food-holes visited (i.e., the number of errors did not increase).
3/ Haloperidol treatment of those with hippocampal damage
reduced the number of non-food-hole visits (i.e. reduced the number of errors made in comparison to the saline treated animals with hippocampal damage).
Conclusions:
It is likely that hippocampal damage incurs increased DA activity elsewhere that for the search task is not adaptive and brings about an increase in the number of errors made. This contrasts with the normal development of a consistent sequence of food-hole visits (individually specific) - one form of working memory aid - that is disrupted by haloperidol and by hippocampal damage. Neuroleptic treatment of the hippocampal animals did not reinstate this preferred sequence but by dampening DA activity (reducing switching between alternatives, Oades 1985) improved attention-related search performance by decreasing the number of erros made.
This result may be seen post-hoc as a model for some of the functions disturbed in schizophrenia - where there is evidence for impaired medial temporal lobe function (hippoicampus, parahippocampal gyrus) and often hyper-active DA systems, sometimes ameliorated through neuroleptic treatment (see further studies by Lipska and Weinberger: e.g. Lipska et al. 1992; 1993, 1994, 1995; Sams-Dodd et al., 1997; Wood et al., 1997).
Oades Isaacson2001-08-16Z2011-03-11T08:54:46Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1736This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/17362001-08-16ZEffects of red light and loud noise on the rate at which monkeys sample the sensory environmentMonkeys, given the opportunity to move between two featureless chambers, 'sample' first one, then the other in a way which reflects a Poisson decision process. The rate of sampling is higher in red light than in blue and in loud noise than in quietness. We suggest that monkeys 'tune' their sampling rate to the a priori probability of change in the environment.Nicholas K HumphreyGraham R Keeble2006-09-25Z2011-03-11T08:56:37Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5185This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/51852006-09-25ZForecasting with Econometric Methods: Folklore versus FactEvidence from social psychology suggests that econometricians will avoid evidence that disconfirms their beliefs. Two beliefs of econometricians were examined: (1)
Econometric methods provide more accurate short-term forecasts than do other methods; and (2) more complex econometric methods yield more accurate forecasts. A survey of 21 experts in econometrics found that 95% agreed with the first statement and 72% agreed with the second. A review of the published empirical evidence yielded little support for either of the two statements in the 41 studies. The method of multiple hypotheses was suggested as a research strategy that will lead to more effective use of disconfirming evidence. Although this strategy was suggested in 1890, it has only recently been used by econometricians.J. Scott Armstrong1998-12-03Z2011-03-11T08:54:16Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/761This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7611998-12-03ZLearning in escape/avoidance tasks in female rats does not vary with reproductive conditionTo determine whether the development of novel stimulus-response associations by the mother during the periparturient period is attributable to a general facilitation of learning produced by the hormonal milieu during that period, learning ability under various reproductive conditions was assessed in two tasks unrelated to the periparturitional situation. The two tasks, selected because they equalized the various groups for motivation and performance variables, were acquisition of a water-maze escape (including two reversals), and acquisition and retention of an unsignalled shuttlebox shock avoidance. The groups tested in the water maze were a midpregnant group, an immediately prepartum group, and an immediately postpartum group. In the shuttlebox, the same conditions (different rats) were compared, together with a nonpregnant estrus condition, and a nonpregnant diestrus condition. The results of both experiments indicate that although learning occurred, the characteristics of acquisition and retention were not influenced by reproductive condition.Mark B. KristalSeymour AxelrodMichael Noonan2006-10-05Z2011-03-11T08:56:37Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5194This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/51942006-10-05ZThe Manager’s Dilemma: Role Conflict in MarketingNorris Brisco, Melvin Copeland, Henry Erdman, Benjamin Hibbard, George Hotchkiss, Leverett Lyon, Stanley Resor, Clarence Saunders, Harry Tosdal, Roland Vaile: Who are these people? They are great men in the history of marketing, according to Wright and Dinsdale (1974). They are marketing heroes. But riot society’s heroes. Rather than hero, the marketing man is usually a villain in novels; he is the butt of jokes; and respondents to surveys think poorly of him.J. Scott Armstrong2001-06-26Z2011-03-11T08:54:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1636This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/16362001-06-26ZMore persistence during task acquisition by intact vs. castrated Japanese QuailIntroduction:
In view of reports that circulating testosterone levels can lead to the persistence of the selection of previously used stimulus specifications in selective attention mechanisms (Andrew and Rogers, 1972), adult male Japanese Quail with and without circulating gonadal steroids were tested in on a match to sample task in a T-maze. As the specifications (sample) change from trial to trial, it would be predicted that testosterone would not facilitate acquisition of this task if a type of stimulus controls response, but would enhance acquisition if the steroid acts on the activation of a set.
Methods:
Treatment: Data from 13 castrated and 12 intact male Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) are reported.
Testing: Birds were tested with and without prior experience of simple T-maze discrimination. The main test consisted of responding to the same colour door (black or white) in one of the two arms as had been encountered in the runway (i.e. match-to-sample).
Results:
1/ Both groups of birds acquired the simple discrimination rapidly and at similar rates.
2/ On the match-to-sample task intact birds exhibited a relatively stable performance with longer response sequences, while castrates showed a more variable pattern of responding - increasing then decreasing error rates across sessions.
3/ Sequences of 3 or more responses to position or to brightness were more numerous in birds with circulating gonadal steroids.
4/ All birds showed a preference for longer sequences of response to position than to brightness .
5/ Birds with prior experience of the T-maze discrimination made fewer errors.
Conclusions:
The results support a role for testosterone in the persistent selection of familiar or learned sets for controlling response - as suggested in the introduction the effect is on the "rule" used in attention not the nature of an individual stimulus. Oades2013-09-17T14:28:01Z2013-09-17T14:28:01Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/8987This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/89872013-09-17T14:28:01ZNonparturitional exposure to donor placenta and placentophagia after lateral hypothalamic lesions in ratsPrevious research has shown that parturitionally experienced rats with lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions that rendered them otherwise aphagic, still ate placenta when it was delivered (pregnant subjects) or presented (nonpregnant subjects). Subsequent studies have shown that some virgin rats are spontaneously attracted to donor placenta, whereas the others clearly avoid it. The present study was designed to demonstrate that the sparing of placentophagia after LH lesions observed in the earlier study was not due merely to the previous ingestion of placenta, per se, or to inadvertent selection for spontaneous placentophages. Virgin placentophages were allowed to consume donor placenta; some were then bred. Prior to parturition or after an equivalent time interval, LH lesions were produced through indwelling electrodes. The next day, not only were the animals with properly placed lesions aphagic to a cookie/milk mash,but none ate delivered or presented placenta.Dr. Michael Noonannoonan@canisius.eduDr. Mark B. Kristalkristal@buffalo.edu2005-06-19Z2011-03-11T08:56:04Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/4394This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/43942005-06-19ZRecognition failure of recallable words in semantic memoryIn an experiment in which there was no study phase, 54 subjects were tested for recognition of famous surnames and then were tested for cued recall of the same surnames. Subjects failed to recognize 53.4% of names that they subsequently recalled. Recall was significantly higher than recognition. The relationship between overall recognition rate and recognition rate of recallable words closely resembled that reported by Tulving and Wiseman (1975) for episodic memory experiments. The present data therefore extend the generality of this relationship, and of the principle that the probability of retrieval from memory depends critically on the cues provided. It is argued that the similarity between results for episodic memory experiments and the present semantic memory experiment can be more parsimoniously accommodated by tagging theory than by episodic theory.Prof. Paul Muter