Cogprints: No conditions. Results ordered -Date, Title. 2018-01-17T14:22:49ZEPrintshttp://cogprints.org/images/sitelogo.gifhttp://cogprints.org/2013-09-17T14:30:27Z2013-09-17T14:30:27Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/9091This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/90912013-09-17T14:30:27ZDynamics of the Corruption Eradication in IndonesiaThe paper discusses an important aspect of the complexity of corruption eradication in Indonesia. Corruption eradication is practically not merely about law enforcement, but also related to social, economic, and political aspects of the nation. By extracting the data from national news media and implement models describing the sentiment relations among political actors, the connection between balance of the sentiment among political elites and the critical levels of the investigation and law enforcement is apparently demonstrated. The focus group discussions among experts, practitioners, and social activists confirm the model. Hokky Situngkirhs@compsoc.bandungfe.netArdian Maulanaai@compsoc.bandungfe.net2011-06-01T11:28:17Z2011-06-01T11:28:17Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7367This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/73672011-06-01T11:28:17ZHappiness: Between What We Want and What We NeedThe paper presents a very simple toy model that is simulated to experience some aspects related to what is it people want and need when related to the social happiness. By outlining some short discussions related to the distinguishing of what we call “want” and “need”, we see how both micro-social aspects may emerge the happiness as well as the urge to innovate and affinity to the collective creativity and social progress. Hokky Situngkirhs@compsoc.bandungfe.net2011-12-16T00:59:10Z2011-12-16T00:59:10Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7757This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/77572011-12-16T00:59:10ZFrom Simple to Complex and Ultra-complex Systems:
A Paradigm Shift Towards Non-Abelian Systems DynamicsAtoms, molecules, organisms distinguish layers of reality because of the causal links that govern their behavior, both horizontally (atom-atom, molecule-molecule, organism-organism) and vertically (atom-molecule-organism). This is the first intuition of the theory of levels. Even if the further development of the theory will require imposing a number of qualifications to this initial intuition, the idea of a series of entities organized on different levels of complexity will prove correct. Living systems as well as social systems and the human mind present features remarkably different from those characterizing non-living, simple physical and chemical systems. We propose that super-complexity requires at least four different categorical frameworks, provided by the theories of levels of reality, chronotopoids, (generalized) interactions, and anticipation. Prof.Dr. I.C, BaianuicbProf.Dr. Roberto Poli2010-10-26T18:22:27Z2011-03-11T08:57:46Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7066This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/70662010-10-26T18:22:27ZExploring Ancient Architectural Designs with Cellular Automata
The paper discusses the utilization of three-dimensional cellular automata employing the two-dimensional totalistic cellular automata to simulate how simple rules could emerge a highly complex architectural designs of some Indonesian heritages. A detailed discussion is brought to see the simple rules applied in Borobudur Temple, the largest ancient Buddhist temple in the country with very complex detailed designs within. The simulation confirms some previous findings related to measurement of the temple as well as some other ancient buildings in Indonesia. This happens to open further exploitation of the explanatory power presented by cellular automata for complex architectural designs built by civilization not having any supporting sophisticated tools, even standard measurement systems.Hokky Situngkir2010-09-13T03:50:31Z2011-03-11T08:57:44Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7019This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/70192010-09-13T03:50:31ZBorobudur was Built AlgorithmicallyThe self-similarity of Indonesian Borobudur Temple is observed through the dimensionality of stupa that is hypothetically closely related to whole architectural body. Fractal dimension is calculated by using the cube counting method and found that the dimension is 2.325, which is laid between the two-dimensional plane and three dimensional space. The applied fractal geometry and self-similarity of the building is emerged as the building process implement the metric rules, since there is no universal metric standard known in ancient traditional Javanese culture thus the architecture is not based on final master plan. The paper also proposes how the hypothetical algorithmic architecture might be applied computationally in order to see some experimental generations of similar building. The paper ends with some conjectures for further challenge and insights related to fractal geometry in Javanese traditional cultural heritages. Hokky Situngkir2010-06-06T14:33:57Z2011-03-11T08:57:35Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6791This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/67912010-06-06T14:33:57ZExploitation of Memetics for Melodic Sequences GenerationMusic, or in narrower sense, melodic contours of the aesthetically arranged pitches and the respective durations attracts our cognition since the beginning and now shaping the way we think in the complex life of culture. From evolutionary school of thoughts we could learn our perspective of seeing the musical diversity of folk songs in Indonesian archipelago by hypothesizing the aligning memes throughout the data sets. By regarding the memeplexes constructed from the the Zipf-Mandelbrot Law in melodic sequences and some mathematical characteristics of songs e.g.: gyration and spiraling effect, we construct evolutionary steps i.e.: genetic algorithm as tools for generating melodic sequences as an alternating computational methods to model the cognitive processes creating songs. While we build a melodic-contour generator, we present the enrichment on seeing the roles of limitless landscape of creativity and innovation guided by particular inspirations in the creation of work of art in general. Hokky Situngkirhs@compsoc.bandungfe.net2010-12-20T21:06:54Z2011-03-11T08:57:50Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7160This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/71602010-12-20T21:06:54ZGOVERNANCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE:
ISSUES, CONCERNS, AND CHALLENGESThis article tries to identify the major issues, concerns and challenges pertaining to higher education in Indian systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani) in the context of current global scenario.Dr. Kishor Patwardhanpatwardhan.kishor@gmail.com2009-10-15T22:54:06Z2011-03-11T08:57:28Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6641This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/66412009-10-15T22:54:06ZThe Phylomemetics of BatikThe paper reports the analysis of phylomemetic tree onto batik motifs developed uniquely in all corners of living and in the heart of tradition of Indonesian people. The diversity is visualized, be it classical traditional motifs and the ones recognized to be recently innovated. This is the first important thing we can learn about through the phylomemetic tree, i.e.: as a visualization of creativity landscapes of Indonesian batik. The second thing to be learnt is that we could see the clustering of collective cognitive people respect to different ethnic groups and community in which the batik motifs were originally developed as well as innovated and improved dependent on the way people at the region produce, design, and then appreciate batik. This brings us to the concluding remarks, that batik is the world heritage grown in Indonesian archipelago.Hokky Situngkirhs@compsoc.bandungfe.net2009-05-30T15:39:57Z2011-03-11T08:57:21Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6447This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/64472009-05-30T15:39:57ZEvolution of ethnocentrism on undirected and directed Barabási-Albert networksUsing Monte Carlo simulations, we study the evolution of contigent cooperation and ethnocentrism in the one-move game. Interactions and reproduction among computational agents are simulated on undirected and directed Barabási-
Albert (BA) networks. We first replicate the Hammond-Axelrod model of in-group favoritism on a square lattice and then generalize this model on undirected and directed BA networks for both asexual and sexual reproduction cases. Our simulations demonstrate that irrespective of the mode of reproduction, ethnocentric strategy becomes common even though cooperation is individually costly and mechanisms such as reciprocity or conformity are absent. Moreover, our results indicate that the spread of favoritism toward similar others highly depends on the network topology and the associated heterogeneity of the studied population.Francisco W.S. LimaTarik HadzibeganovicDietrich Stauffer2008-12-17T22:13:26Z2011-03-11T08:57:17Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6295This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/62952008-12-17T22:13:26ZDeconstructing Javanese Batik Motif: When Traditional Heritage Meets ComputationThe paper discusses some aspects of Iterated Function System while referring to some interesting point of view into Indonesian traditional batik. The deconstruction is delivered in our recognition of the Collage Theorem to find the affine transform of the iterated function system that attracts the iteration of drawing the dots into the complex motif of – or at least, having high similarity to – batik patterns. We employ and revisit the well-known Chaos Game to reconstruct after having some basic motifs is deconstructed. The reconstruction of the complex pattern opens a quest of creativity broadening the computationally generated batik exploiting its self-similarity properties. A challenge to meet the modern computational generative art with the traditional batik designs is expected to yield synergistically interesting results aesthetically. The paper concludes with two arrows of our further endeavors in this field, be it enriching our understanding of how human cognition has created such beautiful patterns and designs traditionally since ancient civilizations in our anthropological perspective while in the other hand providing us tool to the empowerment of batik as generative aesthetics by employment of computation.
Hokky Situngkirhs@compsoc.bandungfe.net2008-07-24T09:54:57Z2011-03-11T08:57:10Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6147This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/61472008-07-24T09:54:57ZRecording Microwave Hearing Effects: Literature Review and Case Report of an Affiant to Recording Remote Harassment
Literature pertaining to the conditions by which microwaves produce sound via the thermoelastic effect and recording the effect is reviewed with comparison to microphone components. A case report of an affiant to recording remote harassment is presented. Actual words understood as transmitted by the affiant could have been recorded as distorted sound.
Mr. John J. McMurtrey2008-06-13T00:07:50Z2011-03-11T08:57:08Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6100This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/61002008-06-13T00:07:50ZEvolutionary Clustering in Indonesian Ethnic Textile Motifs
The wide varieties of Indonesian textiles could reflect the varsity that has been living with the diversity of Indonesian ethnic groups. Meme as an evolutionary modeling technique promises some conjectures to capture the innovative process of the cultural objects production in the particular collective patterns acquainted can be regarded as fitness in the large evolutionary landscape of cultural life. We have presented the correlations between memeplexes that is transformed into distances has generated the phylomemetic tree, both among some samples from Indonesian textile handicrafts and batik, the designs that have been living through generations with Javanese people, the largest ethnic group in Indonesian archipelago. The memeplexes is extracted from the geometrical shape, i.e.: fractal dimensions and the histogram analysis of the employed colorization. We draw some interesting findings from the tree and open the future anthropological development that might catch the attention further observation. Hokky Situngkir2008-06-13T00:08:00Z2011-03-11T08:57:08Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6099This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/60992008-06-13T00:08:00ZConjectures to the Memes of Indonesian Songs From the works of mathematical properties of songs, we construct the phylomemetic trees of Indonesian ethnic and traditional songs. The memeplexes are then reflected by the used notes and respective durations as they exhibit the Zipf-Mandelbrot law, the gyration coefficient, “spiraling effects”, and the dynamic entropy shown in the structure of the songs. The cladistic techniques yielding phylomemetic tree shows widespread innovations of the songs sampled in the observation. This is however reflects the cultural evolutionary models for the innovations involve generations of people within ethnic groups. The paper ends with open discussions and conjectures for more detailed discussions related to each traditional songs as well as the properties of Indonesian people that are attached to heterogeneous ethnic groups that are continually swarming songs and in general, other aesthetic audible artifacts. Situngkir Hokkyhs@compsoc.bandungfe.net2008-03-10T15:03:26Z2011-03-11T08:57:05Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5970This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/59702008-03-10T15:03:26ZConstructing the Phylomemetic Tree: Indonesian Tradition-Inspired Buildings
The paper discusses the importance of phylomemetic visualization to approach the cultural diversity in the social system like Indonesia, and thus revisit formal methodology regarding to the construction of the phylomemetic tree as an inspiration lent from the phylogenic analysis. A case of study is presented regarding to the data obtained from the diversity of traditionally inspired building-designs in Indonesia. Some future conjectures and open future analytical works in the anthropological studies are drawn.Hokky Situngkir2007-08-20Z2011-03-11T08:56:57Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5670This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/56702007-08-20ZTowards Complexity Studies of Indonesian Songs
We see some complex properties from Indonesian music discography by means of music as perceived by Indonesian people. This covers the folk songs, national anthems, popular songs by Indonesian modern artists and performers and also from western popular and classical music as reference. The self-similarity is drawn by using the model of gyration and the internal dynamics of the pitches and durations used in songs is observed by using the logarithmic spiral model. The employed entropy model is also discussed as well as introduction to the calculated dynamic complexity of melodic structure. Some generalization on the flow of music respect to the dynamic complexity is also shown. We discover that at least there are two phases in the played song: the shorter introductory phase that ends in the peak of complexity of the song and the attenuating phase of complexity in which the multiple equilibria of the song is measured. The paper draws some interesting aspects regarding to those parameters and variables on Indonesian melodic corpora. Hokky Situngkir2007-05-08Z2011-03-11T08:56:50Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5542This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/55422007-05-08ZComputational Experiments with the Fuzzy Love and Romance
The paper report some experiments on the issue of human mating games and sexual preferences in the perspective of population and some macro-social realms. The notions of love, romance, fidelity, and sexual attractiveness are those comprising the theory to human intra-species evolution but yet still rare to be employed to understand human social, economic, and cultural studies in terms of sociology or economics. The paper did experiments on those issues, on the possible relation between population growth, power-law distribution of wealth, and some other relevant points to our realization of evolutionary theory of sexual selection. The paper expects to open an alternative bridge of our advancement in human evolution and the complexity of the social system. Hokky Situngkir2007-05-08Z2011-03-11T08:56:50Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5509This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/55092007-05-08ZThe Ribbon of Love: Fuzzy-Ruled Agents in Artificial Societies
The paper brings two motivations to the theoretical explorations of social analysis. The first is to enrich the agent based computational sociology by incorporating the fuzzy set theory in to the computational modeling. This is conducted by showing the importance to include the fuzziness into artificial agent’s considerations and her way acquiring and articulate information. This is continued with the second motives to bring the Darwinian sexual selection theory – as it has been developed broadly in evolutionary psychology – into the analysis of social system including cultural analysis and other broad aspects of sociological fields. The two was combined in one computational model construction showing the fuzziness of mating choice, and how to have computational tools to explain broad fields of social realms. The paper ends with some opened further computer program development. Hokky Situngkir2008-03-10T14:53:07Z2011-03-11T08:57:05Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5961This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/59612008-03-10T14:53:07ZWhy the Creative Process is Not DarwinianSimonton (2006) makes the unwarranted assumption that nonmonotonicity supports a Darwinian view of creativity. Darwin’s theory of natural selection was motivated by a paradox that has no equivalent in creative thought: the paradox of how change accumulates when acquired traits are not inherited. To describe a process of cumulative change in which acquired traits are retained is outside of the scope of the theory of natural selection. Even the early evolution of life itself (prior to genetically mediated template replication) cannot be described by natural selection. Specifically, natural selection cannot describe change of state that involves horizontal (Lamarckian) exchange, or occurs through interaction with an incompletely specified context. It cannot describe change wherein variants are evaluated sequentially, and wherein this evaluation can itself change the state space and/or fitness function, because no two variants are ever evaluated according to the same selection criterion. Concerns are also raised as to the methodology used in Simonton’s study.Dr. L. M. Gaboraliane.gabora@ubc.ca2006-12-03Z2011-03-11T08:56:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5263This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/52632006-12-03ZAdvertising in Duopoly MarketThe paper presents the dynamics of consumer preferences over two competing products acting in duopoly market. The model presented compared the majority and minority rules as well as the modified Snazjd model in the Von Neumann neighborhood. We showed how important advertising in marketing a product is. We show that advertising should also consider the social structure simultaneously with the content of the advertisement and the understanding to the advertised product. Some theoretical explorations are discussed regarding to size of the market, evaluation of effect of the advertising, the types of the advertised products, and the social structure of which the product is marketed. We also draw some illustrative models to be mproved as a further work.Hokky Situngkir2006-12-12Z2011-03-11T08:56:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5296This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/52962006-12-12ZCultural evolution developing its own rules: The rise of conservatism and persuasion
In the human sciences, cultural evolution is often viewed as an autonomous process free of genetic influence. A question that follows is, If culture is not influenced by genes, can it take any path? Employing a simple mathematical model of cultural transmission in which individuals may copy each other's traits, we show that cultural evolution favors individuals who are weakly influenced by others and able to influence others. The model suggests that the cultural evolution of rules of cultural transmission tends to create populations that evolve rapidly toward conservatism, and that bias in cultural transmission may result purely from cultural dynamics. Freedom from genetic influence is not freedom to take any direction.
Stefano GhirlandaMagnus EnquistMayuko Nakamaru2004-04-07Z2011-03-11T08:55:30Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3535This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/35352004-04-07ZTopology of large-scale engineering problem-solving networksThe last few years have led to a series of discoveries that uncovered statistical properties that are common
to a variety of diverse real-world social, information, biological, and technological networks. The goal of the
present paper is to investigate the statistical properties of networks of people engaged in distributed problem
solving and discuss their significance. We show that problem-solving networks have properties ~sparseness,
small world, scaling regimes! that are like those displayed by information, biological, and technological
networks. More importantly, we demonstrate a previously unreported difference between the distribution of
incoming and outgoing links of directed networks. Specifically, the incoming link distributions have sharp
cutoffs that are substantially lower than those of the outgoing link distributions ~sometimes the outgoing
cutoffs are not even present!. This asymmetry can be explained by considering the dynamical interactions that
take place in distributed problem solving and may be related to differences between each actor’s capacity to
process information provided by others and the actor’s capacity to transmit information over the network. We
conjecture that the asymmetric link distribution is likely to hold for other human or nonhuman directed
networks when nodes represent information processing and using elements.Dan BrahaYaneer Bar-Yam2006-04-29Z2011-03-11T08:55:00Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2446This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/24462006-04-29ZBlending the Erotic and the Divine in Mystical LiteratureTHE BEGINNINGS OF SYMBOLIC-RELIGIOUS COGNITION -
Cognitive Archeology and Cognitive Fluidity: About 30,000 years ago (70,000 years after the fossil records of the anatomically modern human), religious thought and symbolic conceptual activity arose from the capacity of integrating specific-domain a process called "cognitive fluidity" (Mithen 1996).
Metaphor, Anthropomorphism and Cognitive Science: Metaphor is a basic mental capacity by which people understand themselves and the world around them through conceptual mappings of knowledge between mental spaces, using everyday knowledge to reason about more abstract concepts. Of all the templates for supernatural concepts, the ones that seriously matter to people are invariably person-like, because people are the most complex type of object that people know (Boyer 2001).
WHY GOD AS AN EROTIC LOVER? -
Diffusion and elaboration of religious memes: To reason about the ties between divine and human, man looks at his repertoire of human relationships, and the more significant ones are used to explain and speak of re-ligio. There are many metaphors used to represent the relationship between the divinity and the devotee (father/child, doctor/patient, teacher/pupil, etc.) The most significant relationship chosen by the mystic in terms of balance is Lover-Beloved.
Blending between God and Lover: The idealized conceptual models of the Divinity/beloved and of a devotee/lover began to blend through composition, completion and elaboration. The concept of human love relationship of these ancient cultures probably needs to be re-evaluated by modern students if it had become such an entrenched concept to be used as a source for a cognitive input space.
BLENDING THE EROTIC AND THE RELIGIOUS -
Examples of erotic religious texts and emergent structure: Sir hassirim, or Song of Songs (Judeo-Christian); Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda (Hindu); Rumi’s Mathanawi (Islam). Strongly erotic in content, these are part of the canons of the respective religious traditions, and so have deeply influenced subsequent elaboration of the erotic symbolism The lover (the faithful) and the Beloved (the Divinity) are usually on a par, and the domination of one is hardly ever present. Poetic descriptions include psychological states of jealousy, passion, separation and reunion, and ultimate union. The time of reunion is spring and the place is nature. What emerges is a relationship that not only unilaterally satisfies the material and spiritual needs of the religious person, but is reciprocal. In other words, the needs of both parties are fulfilled (devotee: food, explanations; god: praise, sacrifice). Moreover, due to the blend, an emotional need is also fulfilled. The dignity of the woman is finding her place in society, like the devotee finds his/her place in his/her creator’s creation, and so their relationship must be lived in the same natural setting. Because of the fusion between counterpart input spaces, there is a completion that humanizes the divinity so it becomes a he, the Man, motivated by the dominating role. However the elaboration of the blend tends to eliminate any domination in the relationship, as the needs of both sides are equal, and only when they are united do they feel completely realized. Their place is in nature, at
it’s most energetic and vibrant moment of springtime (ideally the time of life), and the time is eternal. Vito Evola2004-03-06Z2011-03-11T08:55:29Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3471This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/34712004-03-06ZOn Selfish Memes: culture as complex adaptive systemWe present the formal definition of meme in the sense of the equivalence between memetics and the theory of cultural evolution. From the formal definition we find that
culture can be seen analytically and persuade that memetic gives important role in the exploration of sociological theory, especially in the cultural studies. We show that we are not allowed to assume meme as smallest information unit in cultural evolution in general, but it is the smallest information we use on explaining cultural evolution. We construct a computational model and do simulation in advance presenting the selfish meme powerlaw
distributed. The simulation result shows that the contagion of meme as well as cultural evolution is a complex adaptive system. Memetics is the system and art of
importing genetics to social sciences.Hokky Situngkir2006-03-16Z2011-03-11T08:56:21Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/4772This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/47722006-03-16ZOn Selfish Memes: culture as complex adaptive systemWe present the formal definition of meme in the sense of the equivalence between memetics and the theory of cultural evolution. From the formal definition we find that
culture can be seen analytically and persuade that memetic gives important role in the exploration of sociological theory, especially in the cultural studies. We show that we are not allowed to assume meme as smallest information unit in cultural evolution in general, but it is the smallest information we use on explaining cultural evolution. We construct a computational model and do simulation in advance presenting the selfish meme powerlaw
distributed. The simulation result shows that the contagion of meme as well as cultural evolution is a complex adaptive system. Memetics is the system and art of
importing genetics to social sciences.Hokky Situngkir2004-03-18Z2011-03-11T08:55:30Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3507This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/35072004-03-18ZOn Massive Conflict: Macro-Micro LinkMicro and macro properties of social system should be taken as relative poles of a two dimensional continuum since every debate on social system will however shift to the discussion on the two levels of description. This is consistently used as perspective to see massive social conflict. We propose analysis of the emerging conflict on its micro-causations by using computer simulations. We construct a dynamical model based on some propositions on massive conflict based upon the individual’s degree of membership to collective identity she has whether to mobilize or not. The simulations result the possibilities to see the linkage of the macro-micro properties in the case of massive conflict and suggestions on how to cope with massive conflict or even to resolve it. The paper is an endeavor to a more comprehensive methodology on how to cope with conflict on research and theory development.Hokky Situngkir2004-07-30Z2011-03-11T08:55:38Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3726This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/37262004-07-30ZAn Anthropological Perspective on Magistrate Jelderks’ Kennewick Man DecisionThe “Kennewick Man” controversy is an extremely important case in the history of American anthropology. As anthropologists with backgrounds in American Indian studies and American archaeology, we have a particular interest in this case. In this paper we present our perspective on the Kennewick Man case as anthropologists with expertise in archaeology, Pacific Northwest precontact history, Plateau ethnology, and cultural resource law. In general we find that the August 30, 2000, decision of Magistrate John Jelderks of the United States District Court for the district of Oregon to be incorrect and without anthropological foundation. Based on an analysis of the evidence reviewed by the Department of the Interior and Magistrate Jelderks we conclude that the Department of the
Interior made a reasonable decision in determining that a preponderance of the evidence supports repatriation of
the Kennewick Man to the defendants.Peter N. JonesDarby Stapp2004-05-06Z2011-03-11T08:55:30Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3519This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/35192004-05-06ZEMERGING THE EMERGENCE SOCIOLOGY: The Philosophical Framework of Agent-Based Social StudiesThe structuration theory originally provided by Anthony Giddens and the advance improvement of the theory has been trying to solve the dilemma came up in the epistemological aspects of the social sciences and humanity. Social scientists apparently have to choose whether they are too sociological or too psychological. Nonetheless, in the works of the classical sociologist, Emile Durkheim, this thing has been stated long time ago. The usage of some models to construct the bottom-up theories has followed the vast of computational technology. This model is well known as the agent based modeling. This paper is giving a philosophical perspective of the agent-based social sciences, as the sociology to cope the emergent factors coming up in the sociological analysis. The framework is made by using the artificial neural network model to show how the emergent phenomena came from the complex system. Understanding the society has self-organizing (autopoietic) properties, the Kohonen’s self-organizing map is used in the paper. By the simulation examples, it can be seen obviously that the emergent phenomena in social system are seen by the sociologist apart from the qualitative framework on the atomistic sociology. In the end of the paper, it is clear that the emergence sociology is needed for sharpening the sociological analysis in the emergence sociology.Hokky Situngkir2003-05-07Z2011-03-11T08:55:16Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2929This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/29292003-05-07ZReconstructing Prehistoric Civilizations in a New Theory of Civilizations A new mathematical theory of the oscillations of civilizations is successfully applied to Mayan, pre-historic Egyptian, sub-Saharan African (Great Zimbabwe) and prehistoric Chinese civilizations.Dr. Stephen Blahabaliltd2002-07-08Z2011-03-11T08:54:57Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2314This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/23142002-07-08ZEnergy Medicine for the InternistEnergy medicine includes a broad variety of complementary/ alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, such as acupuncture, kinesiology, and spiritual healing. The term "energy medicine" derives from the perceptions and beliefs of therapists and patients that there are subtle, biological energies that surround and permeate the body. Recent research is confirming that these therapies can be helpful in treating many problems for which conventional medicine may have no cures. Growing numbers of doctors are integrating these therapies in their practices.Daniel J Benor2002-02-27Z2011-03-11T08:54:54Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2112This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/21122002-02-27ZInformational WarfareRecent empirical and theoretical work suggests that reputation was an important mediator of access to resources in ancestral human environments. Reputations were built and maintained by the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information about the actions and capabilities of group members-that is, by gossiping. Strategic gossiping would have been an excellent strategy for manipulating reputations and thereby competing effectively for resources and for cooperative relationships with group members who could best provide such resources. Coalitions (cliques) may have increased members' abilities to manipulate reputations by gossiping. Because, over evolutionary time, women may have experienced more within-group competition than men, and because female reputations may have been more vulnerable than male reputations to gossip, gossiping may have been a more important strategy for women than men. Consequently, women may have evolved specializations for gossiping alone and in coalitions. We develop and partially test this theory.Nicole C. HessEdward H. Hagen2002-08-15Z2011-03-11T08:54:57Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2352This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/23522002-08-15ZKinship, lineage identity, and an evolutionary perspective on the structure of cooperative big game hunting groups in Indonesia. Work was conducted among traditional, subsistence whale hunters in Lamalera, Indonesia in order to test if kinship or lineage membership is more important for explaining the organization of cooperative hunting parties ranging in size from 8-14 men. Crew identifications were collected for all 853 hunts that occurred between May 3 and August 5, 1999. Lineage identity and genetic relatedness were determined for a sample of 189 hunters. Results of matrix regression show that kinship explains little of the hunters' affiliations independent of lineage identity. Crews are much more related amongst themselves than expected by chance. This is due, however, to the correlation between lineage membership and kinship. Lineage members are much more likely to affiliate in crews, but beyond r = 0.5 kin are just as likely not to affiliate. The results are discussed vis-à-vis the evolution of cooperation and group identity.Dr. Michael Alvard2002-09-23Z2011-03-11T08:55:00Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2472This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/24722002-09-23ZMusic and dance as a coalition signaling systemEvidence suggests that humans have neurological specializations for music processing, but a compelling adaptationist account of music and dance is lacking. The sexual selection hypothesis cannot easily account for the widespread performance of music and dance in groups (especially synchronized performances), and the social bonding hypothesis has severe theoretical difficulties. Humans are unique among the primates in their ability to form cooperative alliances between groups in the absence of consanguineal ties. We propose that this unique form of social organization is predicated on music and dance. Music and dance may have evolved as a coalition signaling system that could, among other things, credibly communicate coalition quality, thus permitting meaningful cooperative relationships between groups. This capability may have evolved from coordinated territorial defense signals that are common in many social species, including chimpanzees. We present a study in which manipulation of music synchrony significantly altered subjects’ perceptions of music quality, and in which subjects’ perceptions of music quality were correlated with their perceptions of coalition quality, supporting our hypothesis. Our hypothesis also has implications for the evolution of psychological mechanisms underlying cultural production in other domains such as food preparation, clothing and body decoration, storytelling and ritual, and tools and other artifacts. Edward H HagenhagenGregory A Bryant2006-12-08Z2011-03-11T08:56:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/5277This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/52772006-12-08ZSpectacular pehnomena and limits to rationality in genetic and cultural evolutionIn studies of both animal and human behaviour, game theory is used as a tool for understanding strategies that appear in interactions between individuals. Game theory focuses on adaptive behaviour, which can be attained only at evolutionary equilibrium. Here we suggest that behaviour appearing during interactions is often outside the scope of such analysis. In many types of interaction, conflicts of interest exist between players, fueling the evolution of manipulative strategies. Such strategies evolve out of equilibrium, commonly appearing as spectacular morphology or behaviour with obscure meaning, to which other players may react in non-adaptive, irrational way approach, and outline the conditions in which evolutionary equilibria cannot be maintained. Evidence from studies of biological interactions seems to support the view that behaviour is often not at equilibrium. This also appears to be the case for many human cultural traits, which have spread rapidly despite the fact that they have a negative influence on reproduction.Magnus EnquistAnthony ArakStefano GhirlandaCarl-Adam Wachtmeister2001-12-31Z2011-03-11T08:54:51Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1995This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/19952001-12-31ZFuture Psychological EvolutionHumans are able to construct mental representations and models of possible interactions with their environment. They can use these mental models to identify actions that will enable them to achieve their adaptive goals. But humans do not use this capacity to identify and implement the actions that would contribute most to the evolutionary success of humanity. In general, humans do not find motivation or satisfaction in doing so, no matter how effective such actions might be in evolutionary terms. From an evolutionary perspective, this is a significant limitation in the psychological adaptability of humans. This paper sets out to identify the new psychological capacity that would be needed to overcome this limitation and how the new capacity might be acquired. Humans that develop this capacity will become self-evolving organisms - organisms that are able to adapt in whatever ways are necessary for future evolutionary success, largely unfettered by their biological and social past.John Stewart2002-01-13Z2011-03-11T08:54:52Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/2031This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/20312002-01-13ZKinship and evolved psychological dispositions: The Mother's Brother controversy reconsidered (To appear in Current Anthropology)The article revisits the old controversy concerning the relation of the mother's brother and sister's son in patrilineal societies in the light both of anthropological criticisms of the very notion of kinship and of evolutionary and epidemiological approaches to culture. It argues that the ritualized patterns of behavior that had been discussed by Radcliffe-Brown, Goody and others are to be explained in terms of the interaction of a variety of factors, some local and historical, others pertaining to general human dispositions. In particular, an evolved disposition to favor relatives can contribute to the development and stabilization of these behaviors, not by directly generating them, but by making them particularly "catchy" and resilient. In this way, it is possible to recognize both that cultural representations and practices are specific to a community at a time in its history (rather than mere tokens of a general type), and that they are, in essential respects, grounded in the common evolved psychology of human beings.Maurice BlochDan Sperber2001-11-14Z2011-03-11T08:54:49Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1885This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/18852001-11-14ZKinship and evolved psychological dispositions: The Mother's Brother controversy reconsidered.The article revisits the old controversy concerning the relation of the mother's brother and sister's son in patrilineal societies in the light both of anthropological criticisms of the very notion of kinship and of evolutionary and epidemiological approaches to culture. It argues that the ritualized patterns of behavior that had been discussed by Radcliffe-Brown, Goody and others are to be explained in terms of the interaction of a variety of factors, some local and historical, others pertaining to general human dispositions. In particular, an evolved disposition to favor relatives can contribute to the development and stabilization of these behaviors, not by directly generating them, but by making them particularly "catchy" and resilient. In this way, it is possible to recognize both that cultural representations and practices are specific to a community at a time in its history (rather than mere tokens of a general type), and that they are, in essential respects, grounded in the common evolved psychology of human beings.Maurice BlochDan Sperber2003-10-14Z2011-03-11T08:55:22Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3219This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/32192003-10-14ZPumping Up Intelligence: Abrupt Climate Jumps and the Evolution of Higher Intellectual Functions during the Ice AgesThe title is not a metaphor, though past tense might be better as this chapter is about how each of the many hundred abrupt coolings of the last several million years could have served as a pump stroke, each elevating intelligence a small increment - even though what natural selection was operating on was not intelligence per se.
While we often use the term 'intelligence' to encompass both a broad range of abilities and the efficiency with which they're enacted, it also implies flexibility and creativity, an "ability to slip the bonds of instinct and generate novel solutions to problems" (Gould and Gould 1994, p. 70). Those three pillars of animal intelligence - association, imitation, and insight - are also impressive (Byrne 1994), as are the occasional symbolic (Deacon 1997) and reasoning (Gould & Gould, 1998) abilities. But Piaget (1929; 1952) said that intelligence is what you use when you don't know what to do, when neither innateness nor learning has prepared you for the particular situation.
William H Calvin2001-07-29Z2011-03-11T08:54:45Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1720This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/17202001-07-29ZThe functions of postpartum depressionEvolutionary approaches to parental care suggest that parents will not automatically invest in all offspring, and should reduce or eliminate investment in their children if the costs outweigh the benefits. Lack of paternal or social support will increase the costs born by mothers, whereas infant health problems will reduce the evolutionary benefits to be gained. Numerous studies support the correlation between postpartum depression (PPD) and lack of social support or indicators of possible infant health and development problems. PPD may be an adaptation that informs mothers that they are suffering or have suffered a fitness cost, that motivates them to reduce or eliminate investment in offspring under certain circumstances, and that may help them negotiate greater levels of investment from others. PPD also appears to be a good model for depression in general.Edward Hagen1999-06-28Z2011-03-11T08:54:18Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/814This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/8141999-06-28ZFrom moods to modules: preliminary remarks for an evolutionary theory of mood phenomenaIn the past few decades, research in the psychology of emotion has benefited greatly from being located in a firm evolutionary framework. It is argued that research in the psychology of mood might attain equal rigour by taking a similar approach. An evolutionary framework for mood research would be based on evolutionary psychology, the main thesis of which is the Massive Modularity Hypothesis. Translating the folk-psychological language of moods into the scientific language of modules might clarify many theoretical questions and provide a sound basis for empirical research. It is argued that such an evolutionary approach would reveal mood to be a much more heterogeneous category than emotion. While the six basic emotions identified by Paul Ekman are probably each subserved by a single module, prototypical moods such as elation, depression, anxiety and irritability are likely to be subserved by a wide range of modules. An evolutionary approach to mood might therefore lead to the elimination of the concept of mood from scientific psychology altogether.Dylan Evans2003-09-19Z2011-03-11T08:55:20Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3159This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/31592003-09-19ZReligion and Science - Sex and Society: Forms and Processes of CohesionReligion has been in the past, and still is in a number of countries, the main cohesive force holding populations, particularly genetically disparate ones, together in one system. Patterns of sexual behaviour (often strongly influenced by religious beliefs and prescriptions) in different societies have determined the organisational character of the society - from the nuclear family (now apparently in decline) in most Western countries and the extended family of earlier periods. Both religion and patterns of sexual behaviour as cohesive forces have been radically challenged by science, both as a mode of thought and as the source of technologies which change the environment in which societies operate. A sociobiology of societies has to be founded on a sociobiology of the individuals forming the society and on a biologizing of sociology. The survival of populations (interpreted as gene pools) and of societal forms are interlocked; a sociobiology of societies can start to consider the conditions and forces which over long periods determine the relative success or failure of nations and social systems. Robin Allott2002-08-12Z2011-03-11T08:54:20Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/848This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/8482002-08-12ZWhy Grandmothers May Need Large Brains. (Commentary on Skoyles on Brain Expertise)Skoyles's case against human brain size being related to IQ is strong; but his case in favor of its being related to expertise is weak. I propose that the explanation for the evolutionary expansion of the human brain in fact lies far away, in the need to have a brain that could continue to function into old age.Nicholas Humphrey1998-06-18Z2011-03-11T08:54:12Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/690This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6901998-06-18ZFacial beauty and fractal geometryWhat is it that makes a face beautiful? Average faces obtained by photographic (Galton 1878) or digital (Langlois & Roggman 1990) blending are judged attractive but not optimally attractive (Alley & Cunningham 1991) --- digital exaggerations of deviations from average face blends can lead to higher attractiveness ratings (Perrett, May, & Yoshikawa 1994). My novel approach to face design does not involve blending at all. Instead, the image of a female face with high ratings is composed from a fractal geometry based on rotated squares and powers of two. The corresponding geometric rules are more specific than those previously used by artists such as Leonardo and Duerer. They yield a short algorithmic description of all facial characteristics, many of which are compactly encodable with the help of simple feature detectors similar to those found in mammalian brains. This suggests that a face's beauty correlates with simplicity relative to the subjective observer's way of encoding it.Juergen Schmidhuber1998-03-24Z2011-03-11T08:53:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/164This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1641998-03-24ZCo-Evolution of Language-Size and the Critical PeriodSpecies evolve, very slowly, through selection of genes which give rise to phenotypes well adapted to their environments. The cultures, including the languages, of human communities evolve, much faster, maintaining at least a minimum level of adaptedness to the external, non- cultural environment. In the phylogenetic evolution of species, the transmission of information across generations is via copying of molecules, and innovation is by mutation and sexual recombination. In cultural evolution, the transmission of information across generations is by learning, and innovation is by sporadic invention or borrowing from other cultures. This much is the foundational bedrock of evolutionary theory. But things get more complicated; there can be gene-culture co-evolution. Prior to the rise of culture, the physical environment is the only force shaping biological evolution from outside the organism, and cultures themselves are clearly constrained by the evolved biological characteristics of their members. But cultures become part of the external environment, and influence the course of biological evolution. For example, altruistic cultures with developed medical knowledge reduce the cost to the individual of carrying genes disposing to certain pathologies (such as diabetes); and such genes become more widespread in the populations maintaining such cultures. Assortative mating can affect biological evolution, and particular cultures may influence the factors which are sorted for in mating. (For a careful discussion of the effects of cultural evolution on natural selection, see Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer, 1971:774- 804). This paper examines mechanisms involved in the co-evolution of a biological trait, the critical period for language acquisition, and a property of human cultures, the size of their languages. A gene/culture interaction will be shown that can be described as a kind of symbiosis, but perhaps more aptly as an `arms race'. In this introduction, we will sketch the basic mechanics of the interaction in very broad terms; the rest of the paper will explain and justify the details. The implications of our model for second language acquisition are given toward the end of the paper.James R HurfordSimon Kirby2003-10-17Z2011-03-11T08:55:22Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3218This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/32182003-10-17ZCompeting for Consciousness: A Darwinian Mechanism at an Appropriate Level of ExplanationTreating consciousness as awareness or attention greatly underestimates it, ignoring the temporary levels of organization associated with higher intellectual function (syntax, planning, logic, music). The tasks that require consciousness tend to be the ones that demand a lot of resources. Routine tasks can be handled on the back burner but dealing with ambiguity, groping around offline, generating creative choices, and performing precision movements may temporarily require substantial allocations of neocortex. Here I will attempt to clarify the appropriate levels of explanation (ranging from quantum aspects to association cortex dynamics) and then propose a specific mechanism (consciousness as the current winner of Darwinian copying competitions in cerebral cortex) that seems capable of encompassing the higher intellectual function aspects of consciousness as well as some of the attentional aspects. It includes features such as a coding space appropriate for analogies and a supervisory Darwinian process that can bias the operation of other Darwinian processes.
William H Calvin1999-04-01Z2011-03-11T08:54:17Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/802This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/8021999-04-01ZThe Contribution of Society to the Construction of Individual IntelligenceIt is argued that society is a crucial factor in the construction of individual intelligence. In other words that it is important that intelligence is socially situated in an analogous way to the physical situation of robots. Evidence that this may be the case is taken from developmental linguistics, the social intelligence hypothesis, the complexity of society, the need for self-reflection and autism. The consequences for the development of artificial social agents is briefly considered. Finally some challenges for research into socially situated intelligence are highlighted.Bruce EdmondsKerstin Dautenhahn1998-06-15Z2011-03-11T08:53:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/170This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1701998-06-15ZEvolving cooperation in the non-iterated prisoner's dilemma: The importance of spatial organizationMost work on evolving cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma treats the non-iterated game as an undesirable simple case that should be risen above. It has been taken as a given that populations evolving to play the non-iterated game will always converge on defection. This paper questions this assumption, and demonstrates that organizing a population spatially dramatically changes the nature of the game and allows cooperation to emerge.M. Oliphant1998-06-08Z2011-03-11T08:53:48Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/300This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3001998-06-08ZOntology and geographic kindsAn ontology of geographic kinds is designed to yield a better understanding of the structure of the geographic world, and to support the development of geographic information systems that are conceptually sound. This paper first demonstrates that geographical objects and kinds are not just larger versions of the everyday objects and kinds previously studied in cognitive science. Geographic objects are not merely located in space, as are the manipulable objects of table-top space. Rather, they are tied intrinsically to space, and this means that their spatial boundaries are in many cases the most salient features for categorization. The ontology presented here will accordingly be based on topology (the theory of boundary, contact and separation) and on mereology (the theory of extended wholes and parts). Geographic reality comprehends mesoscopic entities, many of which are best viewed as shadows cast onto the spatial plane by human reasoning and language. Because of this, geographic categories are much more likely to show cultural differences in category definitions than are the manipulable objects of table-top space.B SmithD M Mark2003-09-04Z2011-03-11T08:55:20Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3133This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/31332003-09-04ZTOWARD THE ANTHEAP, THE DRUGGED SOCIETY OR?Though evolution has no purpose, it may be legitimate to speculate about the direction and plausible consequences of technological and other developments and trends in social organization. Human societies are in implicit competition with each other; each society aims to survive, to prosper, to achieve stability and order for the members of the national group. Each society does this in the environment created by the existence of other similar societies. Because human individuals are conscious not only of their own selves but also of the selves of others, because the shared communication through language of members of the group makes possible the moulding of each individual's behaviour and attitudes and the transmission of structures of ideas about the society of which they form part, what is rejected as implausible for thoughtless and language-less creatures has to be considered for human communities: the reality of a process of group selection. Due to technological progress, radical changes affecting the most basic evolutionary forces are taking place: the continual refinement of contraceptive techniques, the use of chemicals to manipulate brains and behaviour, the ability directly to manipulate genetic structures. In the case of other species, particularly the social insects, evolution has produced very specific group structures depending on specialised systems of communication (biochemical and behavioural) and on changes in the genetic organisation of the group. Where may the new developments in human society lead? Which new or changed societal structures will achieve fitness both at the group level and in terms of the relative fitness of the succession of individuals composing the group? We need a sociobiology of human societies to complement the sociobiology of the human individual. Robin Allott2000-07-10Z2011-03-11T08:53:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/151This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1512000-07-10ZBrain asymmetry and facial attractiveness: Facial beauty is not simply in the eye of the beholder.We recently reported finding asymmetry in the appearance of beauty on the face [39]. Here we investigated whether facial beauty is a stable characteristic (on the owner's very face) or is in the perceptual space of the observer. We call the question 'the owner versus observer hypothesis'. We compared identity judgements and attractiveness ratings of observers. Subjects viewed left-left and right-right composites of faces and decided which most resembled the normal face (Experiment 1). Identity judgements (resemblance) are known to be associated with perceptual factors in the observer. Another group viewed the same normal faces and rated them on attractiveness (Experiment 2). In each experiment there were two separate viewing conditions, original and reversed (mirror-image). Lateral reversal did affect the results of Experiment 1 (confirming previous findings [3,18]) but did not affect the results of Experiment 2. The fact that lateral reversal did not affect the results of Experiment 2 suggests that facial attractiveness is more dependent on physiognomy (of the owner) and less dependent on an asymmetrical perceptual process (in the observer) than is facial identity. The results are discussed in the context of beautys biological significance and facial processing in the brain.Audrey C. ChenCraig GermanDahlia W. Zaidel2000-02-03Z2011-03-11T08:54:20Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/843This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/8432000-02-03ZVarieties of altruism - and the common ground between themNoneNicholas Humphrey1998-07-02Z2011-03-11T08:53:50Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/349This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3491998-07-02ZReview of Sober's "Philosophy of Biology"Elliott Sober is among the leading contemporary contributors to the philosophy of biology. He also has an exceptional ability to explain difficult ideas clearly. He is therefore very well equipped to provide an accessible yet state-of-the-art introduction to the philosophy of biology, and in most respects this optimistic prognosis is justified by the present volume. Focussing on evolutionary biology, Sober provides a general overview of evolutionary theory; a chapter on creationism that serves as a vehicle for the discussion of the evidence for evolution; and chapters on fitness, the units of selection, adaptationism, systematics, and sociobiology. Sober displays a thorough mastery of both the biological issues and the recent philosophical controversies that have surrounded them, and the presentation is always lucid and free from unnecessary technicalities. Anyone not thoroughly conversant with contemporary discussions of evolutionary theory could learn from this book.J. Dupre2003-10-14Z2011-03-11T08:55:22Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3216This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/32162003-10-14ZHow to think what no one has ever thought beforeThe short answer is to take a nap and dream about something. Our dreams are full of originality. Their elements are all old things, our memories of the past, but the combinations are original. Combinations make up in variety what they lack in quality, as when we dream about Socrates driving a bus in Brooklyn and talking to Joan of Arc about baseball. Our dreams get time, place, and people all mixed up.
Awake, we have a stream of consciousness, also containing a lot of mistakes. But we can quickly correct those mistakes, usually before speaking out loud. We can improve the sentence, even as we are speaking it. Indeed, most of the sentences we speak are ones we've never spoken before. We construct them on the spot. But how do we do it, when we say something we've never said before - and it doesn't come out as garbled as our dreams?
We also forecast the future in a way that no other animal can do. Since it hasn't happened yet, we have to imagine what might happen. We often preempt the future by taking actions to head off what will otherwise happen. We can think before acting, guessing how objects or people might react to a proposed course of action.
That is extraordinary when compared to all other animals. It even takes time to develop in children. By the time a child goes to school, adults start expecting them to be responsible for predicting the consequences: "You should have realized that..." and "Think before you do something like that!" aren't seriously said to babies and most preschoolers - or our pets. We don't seriously expect our dogs and cats to appraise a novel situation, like a fish falling out of the refrigerator, with an eye toward saving it for the dinner guests tonight.
William H Calvin1998-11-13Z2011-03-11T08:54:16Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/756This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7561998-11-13ZIntraspecific Exploitative Mimicry in HumansNon-bizarre psychotic delusions are hypothesized to be psychological adaptations which evolved to mitigate the dangerous consequences of social exclusion and ostracism. When we lived in small, kin-based groups, delusions would have functioned to combat social exclusion by closely mimicking conditions, such as external threats or illness, where fellow group members were likely to cooperate and provide assistance. If delusions are adaptations to social exclusion, then they should onset when an individual faces a serious social threat, they should function (in ancestral type environments) to prevent exclusion-at least in the short term-and they should cease when the social threat ceases, an hypothesis which is examined in the context of numerous published studies of Delusional Disorder (DD).Edward H. Hagen1998-05-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/166This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1661998-05-06ZThe sociopathy of sociobiologyMealey's evolutionary reasoning is logically flawed. Furthermore, the evidence presented in favor of a genetic contribution to the causation of sociopathy is overinterpreted. Given the potentially large societal impact of sociobiological speculation on the roots of criminality, more-than-usual caution in interpreting data is called for.Wim E. Crusio2003-10-14Z2011-03-11T08:55:22Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3214This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/32142003-10-14ZThe emergence of intelligenceLanguage, foresight, musical skills and other hallmarks of intelligence are connected through an underlying facility that enhances rapid movements. Creativity may result from a Darwinian contest within the brain. William H Calvin1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/173This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1731998-09-06ZHominids, coalitions, and weapons; not vehiclesPace Wilson & Sober, group selection has not won over biology. However, the combination of fission/fusion organization (favoring coalition formation and relatively complex tactical behavior) with weapons (which in conjunction with group and/or ambush attacks greatly reduce the costs to actors of lethal inter- and intragroup aggression) create circumstances which may well have favored group selection in hominid evolution.Jim Moore1998-03-12Z2011-03-11T08:54:07Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/613This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/6131998-03-12ZPersonality and lipid level differences associated with homosexual and bisexual identity in menBisexuality is thought by many to be an intermediate sexual orientation on a continuum between the more exclusive extremes of heterosexuality and homosexuality. Kinsey et al. (1948) adopted this assumption in devising their scale of sexual orientation, which assigned seven anchored points along what they saw as a continuum of behavior from exclusively homosexual (HS) to exclusively heterosexual (HT).Peter J SnyderJames D WeinrichRichard C Pillard2003-11-03Z2011-03-11T08:55:23Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3264This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/32642003-11-03ZTHE PYTHAGOREAN PERSPECTIVE: The Arts and SociobiologyLiterature, music, mathematics, art, are constituents of culture and each of
them has its separate history. But each of them can also be seen as a
manifestation of a human biological drive, a drive towards exploration,
experimentation, the analysis of human perception. Culture is not something
separate from human evolution but a part of a continuing human evolution, indeed
the main form which human evolution has taken over the last few thousand years.
It is a familiar idea, but perhaps a wrong one, that human evolution, as a
Darwinian process, has ceased and been replaced by something quite new, a more
Lamarckian process involving the inheritance of acquired characteristics, more
specifically of the changing forms of human culture. On this see for example
Dawkins(1986), or Huxley(1926). Robin Allott1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:54:15Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/738This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7381998-09-06ZBook review of _The Egalitarians -- Human and Chimpanzee_ by Margaret PowerThis book combines some very interesting ideas with stunningly poor scholarship to create a potentially missleading book. Because the basic thesis -- that episodic extreme aggression seen among chimpanzees at Gombe and Mahale has been artificially induced by provisioning -- has been widely considered and parallels other criticisms of nonhuman primate data (e.g. debates over the 'naturalness' of langur infanticide), there is a risk people unfamiliar with the chimpanzee data will accept her conclusions uncritically. At the same time, her attempt to integrate developmental psychology with socioecology in humans and apes is interesting and it'd be a shame to dismiss that approach simply because of the poor application. Secondarily, the book should be of interest to historians of science because it maps so clearly onto the tradition of contrasting Rousseauian and Hobbesian views of (human) nature.Jim Moore2004-04-06Z2011-03-11T08:55:27Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3392This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/33922004-04-06ZEvolutionary aspects of love and empathy Love has always been a central preoccupation in individual human lives, but there has been little consideration of it by psychologists or other scientists and little attempt to explain it as an evolutionary phenomenon. There are various possible behavioral precursors of love: animal "love", empathy, group feeling, sexuality, the mother/infant bond. The principal candidates are sexuality and the mother/infant bond. Sexuality has been favored as an origin by those few writers who have discussed the issue but has characteristics which distinguish it sharply from love and make it an unlikely precursor. However, the mother/infant bond alone does not fully account for the characteristics of human love. Love evolved as the outcome of interaction between the genetic basis for mother/infant attachment and other capabilities of the evolving human manifested in and made possible by the increase in human brain- size: enlarged cognitive capacity, improved communication abilities and the evolution of language. The capacity for language led to the emergence of the conscious self, and with this the capability to recognise and empathise the selfhood of others. The deepening of the mother/infant attachment into love played, and still plays, an essential role in the transmission of culture from one generation to the next and in making possible the cohesion of the human group. This account fits well with recent research into the process and significance of the mother/infant relation. Robin Allott2004-01-20Z2011-03-11T08:55:27Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3393This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/33932004-01-20ZEVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF LOVE AND EMPATHY Love has always been a central preoccupation in individual human lives, but there has been little consideration of it by psychologists or other scientists and little attempt to explain it as an evolutionary phenomenon. There are various possible behavioral precursors of love: animal "love", empathy, group feeling, sexuality, the mother/infant bond. The principal candidates are sexuality and the mother/infant bond. Sexuality has been favored as an origin by those few writers who have discussed the issue but has characteristics which distinguish it sharply from love and make it an unlikely precursor. However, the mother/infant bond alone does not fully account for the characteristics of human love. Love evolved as the outcome of interaction between the genetic basis for mother/infant attachment and other capabilities of the evolving human manifested in and made possible by the increase in human brain- size: enlarged cognitive capacity, improved communication abilities and the evolution of language. The capacity for language led to the emergence of the conscious self, and with this the capability to recognise and empathise the selfhood of others. The deepening of the mother/infant attachment into love played, and still plays, an essential role in the transmission of culture from one generation to the next and in making possible the cohesion of the human group. This account fits well with recent research into the process and significance of the mother/infant relation. Robin Allott1998-09-29Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/178This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1781998-09-29ZIs the monkeys' world scientifically impenetrable?Cheney & Seyfarth (C&S) argue for a hybrid approach which 'place (empiricistic findings) tentatively within the framework of a more mentalistic approach'(p.9). The book is an important contribution to clarify the value and limits of the intentional approach in interpreting monkey behaviour, particularly C&S's excellent field work with vervets. But, unintentionally, it also demonstrates that cognitive science is more a perspective than a scientific discipline. In order to illustrate this, I shall consider the following topics: evolution of intelligence, concept formation, philosophy of scienceWinand Dittrich1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/177This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1771998-09-06ZSociobiology and incest avoidance: a critical look at a critical reviewEprint summary: This short article points out a number of problems with treatment of data & theory in an earlier article by Gregory C. Leavitt in which he mis-cites mainly old papers on inbreeding in nonhumans to support his contention that the human incest taboo does not have a biological component/substrate.Jim Moore1998-05-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:42Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/167This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1671998-05-06ZNo evolution without genetic variationDr. Thornhill's target article presents us with a number of hypotheses concerning rules regulating inbreeding in man. It is argued that the goal of such rules is not primarily the avoidance of close-kin inbreeding, because 'selection for the avoidance of close-kin mating has apparently resulted in a psychological mechanism which promotes voluntary incest avoidance'.Wim E. Crusio2003-10-24Z2011-03-11T08:55:23Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3242This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/32422003-10-24ZObjective MoralityAn objective basis for morality can be found in an evolutionary account of its origin and development. Morality is a key factor in the success of human groups in competition or co-existence with each other.A group's moral code represents an increasingly rational pattern of behaviour derived from the collective experience of the group handed down from generation to generation. Group selection is a controversial idea for animal evolution but it is inescapable in accounting for human evolution under the influence of language and the accumulation of cultural patterns. Morality has an objective physiological and neurological basis in so far as it exists to moderate the expression of the array of genetically-derived emotional patterns. Emotions represent the combination of action tendencies (neural motor programs) with (physiologically-derived) affective concomitants. The relation between emotion, empathy and morality is important. Empathy (a special form of perception still largely unexplained) has a key role both in the formation and cohesion of human groups and in the observance within groups of a moral code. Ultimately observance of moral rules depends on recognition by each individual of an integrating purpose in his life. In so far as the moral code is directed towards achieving this integrating purpose, morality for the individual becomes objective. Robin Allott1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/175This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1751998-09-06ZThe evolution of reciprocal sharingGenetical models of the evolution of reciprocal altruism (as distinct from cooperation, mutualism, or nepotism) have difficulty explaining the initial establishment of an altruist gene in a selfish deme. Though potential mechanisms have been suggested, there is an alternative: much "altruistic" behavior may in fact be purely selfish in origin and consequently reciprocity need not be invoked to provide a selective benefit to the actor. _Sharing_ and _helping_ are fundamentally different behavior categories and should not be confused. Patterns of resource sharing in chimpanzees correspond to predictions made by a selfish model but not to those of a reciprocal altruism model, and many observations of human gift exchange are consistent with the selfish, but not the altruistic, model. This suggests that presumed hominid meat exchange may have been the result of competition, not altruism or even cooperation, and that evolutionary models of "altruistic" behavior should be treated with caution.Jim Moore1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/176This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1761998-09-06ZFemale transfer in primatesIntergroup transfer by males is nearly universal among social primates. Furthermore, among the most frequently studied monkeys - savanna baboons and Japanese and rhesus macaques - females typically remain in their natal groups, so troops are composed of related matrilines. These facts strongly support two major theories: 1) that kin selection is a powerful force in patterning sociality (if one is to live in a group, one should prefer a group of one's relatives), and 2) that the ultimate explanation for intergroup transfer is the avoidance of inbreeding depression (though both sexes would prefer to live with kin, one sex has to disperse to avoid inbreeding and for a variety of reasons the losing sex is generally male). Substantial rates of transfer by females in social species with routine male transfer would cast doubt on both ideas. In fact, evidence reviewed here indicates that female transfer is not unusual and among folivorous primates (e.g., _Alouatta_, the Colobinae) it seems to be routine. In addition to casting doubt on the demographic significance of inbreeding avoidance and favoring mutualistic and/or game theory interpretations of behavior over nepotistic ones, this finding supports the hypothesis that predator detection is the primary selective pressure favoring sociality for many primates. Finally, while female bonding [_sensu_ Wrangham, R. W. (1980), _Behaviour_ 75: 262-299] among primates appears to be less common than generally believed, the observed correlation between female transfer and morphological adaptations to folivory provides empirical support for Wrangham's model for the evolution of female-bonded groups.Jim Moore1998-09-06Z2011-03-11T08:53:43Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/174This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/1741998-09-06ZCarrying capacity, cycles, and cultureTwo major objections have been made to the application of the "carrying capacity" (K) concept to nonindustrial human populations: 1) If K is set by periodic famines or other phenomena ("minima"), the concept is useless without an independant criterion for the length of the relevant period. 2) Humans frequently appear to be adjusting their population densities according to what seem to be biologically arbitrary cultural criteria, not to a biological K. I propose that the length of the relevant interval between minima is a function of the species' pattern of investment in kin. Minima occuring at intervals greater in length than the period of investment will have little effect on reproductive tactics, and intervals shorter in length than the period of obligate offspring dependancy are roughly equivalent biologically. This conclusion should apply to all "K-selected" species. For humans, minima at intervals of up to about 50 years may determine K for a population. I suggest that "arbitrary" preferences that limit population growth are in fact culturally selected traits that stabilize populations at Ks set by these minima. Cultural, rather than genetical, selection allows human populations to track relevant minima through environmental shifts such as ice ages.Jim Moore2011-12-16T00:58:07Z2011-12-16T00:58:07Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/7753This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/77532011-12-16T00:58:07ZOn Adjoint Dynamical SystemsTransformations of dynamical systems and organismic structures are discussed in terms of adjoint, simple adjoint and weak adjoint functors of organismic supercategories during development and evolution of organisms on markedly different timescales. A representation of nuclear transplants in terms of adjoint functors and a novel interpretation of nuclear transplant experiments is proposed. Three new theorems are proven for adjoint dynamical systems representing multi-potent developing cells and additional results are obtained for weak adjoint systems such as differentiated (specialized) cells.Prof. Dr. I. C. BaianuicbProf.Dr. Dragos Scripcariu2004-10-06Z2011-12-16T00:59:02Zhttp://cogprints.org/id/eprint/3831This item is in the repository with the URL: http://cogprints.org/id/eprint/38312004-10-06ZOrganismic Supercategories: I. Proposals for a General Unified Theory of Systems- Classical, Quantum, and Complex Biological Systems.
The representation of physical and complex biological systems in terms of organismic supercategories was introduced in 1968 by Baianu and Marinescu in the attached paper which was published in the Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, edited by Nicolas Rashevsky. The different approaches to relational biology, developed by Rashevsky, Rosen and by Baianu et al.(1968,1969,1973,1974,1987,2004)were later discussed.
The present paper is an attempt to outline an abstract unitary theory of systems. In the introduction some of the previous abstract representations of systems are discussed. Also a possible connection of abstract representations of systems with a general theory of measure is proposed. Then follow some necessary definitions and authors' proposals for an axiomatic theory of systems. Finally some concrete examples are analyzed in the light of the proposed theory.
An abstract representation of biological systems from the standpoint of the theory of supercategories is presented. The relevance of such representations forG-relational biologies is suggested. In section A the basic concepts of our representation, that is class, system, supercategory and measure are introduced. Section B is concerned with the mathematical representation starting with some axioms and principles which are natural extensions of the current abstract representations in biology. Likewise, some extensions of the principle of adequate design are introduced in section C. Two theorems which present the connection between categories and supercategories are proved. Two other theorems concerning the dynamical behavior of biological and biophysical systems are derived on the basis of the previous considerations. Section D is devoted to a general study of oscillatory behavior in enzymic systems, some general quantitative relations being derived from our representation. Finally, the relevance of these results for a quantum theoretic approach to biology is discussed.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/141l35843506596h/Prof. Dr. I.C. BaianuicbDr. Mircea M. Marinescu