creators_name: Tan, Uner creators_id: unertan37@yahoo.com editors_name: Karaca, Sibel editors_name: Tan, Meliha editors_name: Tan , Uner type: journalp datestamp: 2013-09-17 14:26:28 lastmod: 2013-09-17 14:26:28 metadata_visibility: show title: Human quadrupedalism is not an epiphenomenon caused by neurodevelopmental malformation and ataxia ispublished: pub subjects: behav-neuro-sci subjects: neuro-neu subjects: neuro-physio subjects: neuro-psy full_text_status: public keywords: Uner Tan syndrome, quadrupedalism, neural networks, self-organization, evolution, ataxia, cerebellum abstract: Two cases with quadrupedal locomotion (QL) were presented. In both cases, cognitive and psychiatric functions were normal and, no neurological deficits were observed, except for a sequel paralysis of left leg in Case 2. It was suggested that human QL (1) should not be considered as an epiphenomenon caused by neurodevelopmental malformation and ataxia, but (2) may be considered as a re-emergence of the ancestral diagonal QL, and (3) it may spontaneously emerge in humans with entirely normal brains, by taking advantage of neural networks such as central pattern generators that have been preserved for about 400 million years. date: 2012-10-25 date_type: published publication: Frontiers in Neurology volume: 3 number: 154 publisher: Frontiers pagerange: 1-3 refereed: TRUE referencetext: Herz. J., Boycott. K.M., and Parboosingh,J.S. (2008). "Devolution" of bipedaliy. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci USA 105:E25. Ozcelik, T., Akarsu, N., Uz, E., Caglayan, S., Onat, O. M., Tan, M., and Tan, U. (2008). Mutations in the very low density lipoprotein receptor VLDLR cause cerebellar hypoplasia and quadrupedal locomotion in humans. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci USA 105: 4232-4236. Reilly, S. M., McElroy, E. J., Odum, R. A., and Hornyak, V. A. (2006). Tuataras and salamanders show that walking and running mechanics are ancient features of tetrapod locomotion. Proc. R. Soc B 273: 1563-1568. Shapiro, L. J., and Raichien, D. A. (2005). Lateral sequence walking in infant papio cynocephalus: implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anth 126: 205-213. Tan, U. (2005). Unertan syndrome; quadrupedality, primitive language, and severe mental retardation; a new theory on the evolution of human mind. NeuroQuantology 4: 250-255. Tan, U. (2006a). A new syndrome with quadrupedal gait, primitive speech, and severe mental retardation as a live model for human evolution. Int. J. Neurosci 116: 361-369. Tan, U. (2006b). Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” and the evolution of the human mind. Int. J. Neurosci 116: 763-774. Tan, U. (2006c). Evidence for “Unertan Syndrome” as a human model for reverse evolution. Int. J. Neurosci 116: 1539-1547. Tan, U. (2007). A wrist-walker exhibiting no “Unertan syndrome”: a theory for possible mechanisms of human devolution toward the atavistic walking patterns. Int. J. Neurosci. 117: 147-156. Tan, U. (2008). Unertan Syndrome: review and report of four new cases. Int. J. Neurosci 118: 211-225. Tan, U., Pence, S., Yilmaz, M., Ozkur, A., Karaca, S, Tan. M., and Karatas M. (2008). “Unertan Syndrome” in two Turkish families in relation to devolution and emergence of homo erectus: neurological examination, MRI, and PET scans. Int. J. Neurosci 118: 313-336. Tan, U., Tamam, Y., Karaca, S., and Tan, M. (2012). Uner Tan syndrome: Review and emergence of human quadrupedalism in self-organization, attractors and evolutionary perspectives. In “Latest findings in intellectual and developmental disabilities research”, Uner Tan (Ed.), ISBN: 978-853-307-865-6, InTech, Croatia. Thelen, E., Kelso, J. A. S., and Fogel, A. (1987). Self-organizing systems and infant motor development. Dev. Rev. 7: 39-65. Wannier, T., Bastiaanse, C., Colombo, G. and Dietz, V. (2001). Arm to leg coordination in humans during walking, creeping and swimming activities. Exp. Brain Res 141: 375-379. citation: Tan, Prof. Dr. Uner (2012) Human quadrupedalism is not an epiphenomenon caused by neurodevelopmental malformation and ataxia. [Journal (Paginated)] document_url: http://cogprints.org/8982/1/UTS%20IS%20NOT%20AN%20EPIPHENOMENON.pdf