?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=From+hitting+to+tattling+to+gossip%3A+An+evolutionary+rationale+for+the+development+of+indirect+aggression&rft.creator=Ingram%2C+Dr+Gordon+P.+D.&rft.subject=Developmental+Psychology&rft.subject=Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.description=Adult+humans+are+characterized+by+low+rates+of+intra-group+physical+aggression%2C+relative+to+both+human+children+and+non-human+animals.+I+propose+that+the+suppression+of+physically+aggressive+tendencies+has+been+achieved+partly+through+the+replacement+of+dominance+hierarchies+by+prestige+hierarchies%2C+driven+by+indirect+reciprocity+and+mediated+by+indirectly+aggressive+competition+and+linguistic+transmission+of+reputations.+Reviewing+the+developmental+literature+on+indirect+aggression+and+related+constructs+provides+three+pieces+of+evidence+that+evolutionarily+old+impulses+towards+physical+aggression+are+gradually+socialized+into+indirect+aggression%3A+(i)+physical+aggression+falls+in+early+childhood+over+the+same+age+range+during+which+indirect+aggression+increases%3B+(ii)+the+same+individuals+engage+in+both+physical+and+indirect+aggression%3B+and+(iii)+dominant+individuals+practice+indirect+aggression+more+frequently.+Consideration+of+the+developmental+course+of+indirect+aggression+is+complemented+by+analysis+of+similar+developments+in+verbal+behaviors+that+are+not+necessarily+aggressive%2C+namely+tattling+and+gossip.+Two+developmental+transitions+in+indirect+aggression+and+related+behaviors+are+postulated.+The+first+occurs+in+early+childhood+as+children+become+aware+of+norms+against+physical+aggression.+The+second+occurs+in+preadolescence+with+the+development+of+increasingly+covert+forms+of+reputational+competition%2C+as+children+try+to+renegotiate+their+status+within+peer+social+networks.&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.type=Preprint&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8971%2F1%2Fv3_Ingram_From%2520Hittling%2520to%2520Tattling%2520to%2520Gossip.pdf&rft.identifier=++Ingram%2C+Dr+Gordon+P.+D.++(2013)+From+hitting+to+tattling+to+gossip%3A+An+evolutionary+rationale+for+the+development+of+indirect+aggression.++%5BPreprint%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8971%2F