?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=From+Computing+Machineries+to+Cloud+Computing%3A+The+Minimal+Levels+of+Abstraction+of+Inforgs+through+History&rft.creator=Gobbo%2C+Dr+Federico&rft.creator=Benini%2C+Dr+Marco&rft.subject=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.description=Before+the+modern+computing+era%2C+the+word+%60computers'+referred+to+human+beings+as+living+calculators---in+fact%2C+still+Turing+(1950)+proposed+his+test+for+A.I.+referring+to+%60computing+machinery'%2C+not+%60computers'.+From+the+advent+of++general-purpose%2C+Turing-complete+machines+the+relation+between+operators%2C+programmers+and+users+with+computers---inforgs%2C+in+Floridi's+terms---can+be+seen+in+terms+of+levels+of+abstraction+(LoA)+(Floridi+2010%2C+2008).++For+example%2C+the+modern+concept+of+%60operating+system'+(Donovan+1974)+by+Ken+Thompson%0D%0Afrom+Multics+to+Unix+can+be+seen+as+a+level+of+abstraction%3A+some+computational+tasks+are+hidden+in+an+abstract+machine+put+into+the+computer+system+so+that+humans+can+forget+it+instead+of+manually+perform+the+task+as+living+operators%3A+information+got+hidden%2C+without+being+lost.+In+this+paper+an+analysis+of+LoA+throughout+history+is+proposed%2C+in+order+to+find+the+minimal+number+of+LoAs%0D%0Aneeded+to+explain+the+epistemology+of+informational+organisms+(inforgs)---from+early+modern+general-purpose+computing+machineries+until+the+so-called+%60cloud+computing'.+This+epistemological+levellism+uses+Category+Theory+as+the+methodological+reference%2C+treating+information+as+structure-preserving+functions+instead+of+Cartesian+products%2C+i.e.%2C+a+domain+mapped+into+a+codomain+where+the%0D%0Ainner+structure+is+preserved%3B+a+comparison+with+the+method+of+LoA+by+Floridi+(2008)+is+then+proposed.&rft.date=2011&rft.type=Conference+Paper&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8832%2F1%2FO.2011.1.gobboBenini.hapoc11.pdf&rft.identifier=++Gobbo%2C+Dr+Federico+and+Benini%2C+Dr+Marco++(2011)+From+Computing+Machineries+to+Cloud+Computing%3A+The+Minimal+Levels+of+Abstraction+of+Inforgs+through+History.++%5BConference+Paper%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F8832%2F