--- abstract: 'Differences between sexes in the subjective estimation of time when performing tasks of verbal fluency and mental rotation of 3-D images were studied in this research. 240 Mexican college students were divided in six groups; one male and one female group for each condition: Verbal, Spatial, and Control tasks. Subjects were asked to perform their corresponding task during two minutes which they had to estimate by themselves. No significant time estimation differences (p = .6913) between sexes were found when performing the verbal fluency task. However, significant time estimation differences (p = .0265) between the male and the female group were found with the mental rotation task. In addition, no significant time estimation differences between sexes were observed as for verbal fluency skills (p = .8265) and mental rotation (p = .4506). Results are discussed in terms of the evidence that shows that men have a higher activation in the right parietal region when performing mental rotation of 3-D images and estimating time prospectively. The way that different tasks affect the perceived length of psychological present depending on the cognitive processes used to perform each task is discussed as well.' altloc: [] chapter: ~ commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: ~ conference: ~ confloc: ~ contact_email: ~ creators_id: - julioc.penagos@udlap.mx - bolonchona@yahoo.com creators_name: - family: Penagos-Corzo given: Julio C honourific: Professor lineage: '' - family: Ciria given: Alejandra honourific: MD lineage: '' date: 2008-12-10 date_type: submitted datestamp: 2011-12-28 03:00:57 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/78/43 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: 0 edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: [] editors_name: [] eprint_status: archive eprintid: 7843 fileinfo: application/pdf;http://cogprints.org/7843/1/JPenagos.pdf full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: unpub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: ~ item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: 'Subjective Estimation of Time, Time Perception, Verbal Fluency, Mental Rotation, Sex Differences' lastmod: 2011-12-28 03:00:57 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: ~ number: ~ pagerange: ~ pubdom: TRUE publication: ~ publisher: ~ refereed: FALSE referencetext: "Alexander, I., Cowey, A., and Walsh, V. (2005). The Right Parietal Cortex and Time Perception: Back to Critchley and the Zeitraffer Phenomenon. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(3/4), 306-315.\r\nAschoff, J. (1985) On the perception of time during prolonged temporal isolation. Human Neurobiology, 4, 41-52.\r\nAvni-Badad, D., and Ritoy, I. (2003). Routine and the Perception of Time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(4), 543-550.\r\nBlock, R.A, Hancock, P.A., and Zakay, D. (2000). Sex differences in duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Memory and Cognition, 28(8), 1333-1346. Brown, S., and Boltz, G. M. (2002). Attentional Processes in Time Perception: Effects\r\nof Mental Workload and Event Structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology:\r\nHuman Perception and Performance, 28(3), 600-615.\r\nBrown, S. (2005). Time is Everywhere: Review of H. Helfrich (Ed.), Time and Mind II:\r\nInformation Processing Perspectives. Canadian Journal of Experimental\r\nPsychology, 59(2), 139-142.\r\nBurle, B., and Casini, L. (2001). Dissociation Between Activation and Attention Effects\r\nin Time Estimation, Implications for Internal Clock Models. Journal of\r\nExperimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27(1), 195-205. Casey, B. M., Nuttall, R. L., and Pezaris, E. (1999). Evidence in Support of a Model\r\nThat Predicts How Biological and Environmental Factors Interact to Influence Spatial Skills. Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 1237-1247.\r\nSex Differences 28
\r\nDamasio, A. R. (2002). Remembering When. Scientific American, 287(3), 66-68. Foster, C. (2002). Abstract space; Javascript. Retrived on March 15, 2006, from CFoster\r\nWebsite: cfoster; http://www.cfoster.net/as/.\r\nFraisse, P. (1984). Perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Psychology, 35,\r\n1-36.\r\nGaillard, W. D., Hertz-Pannier, L., Mott, S. H., Barnett, A. S., LeBihan, D., and\r\nTheodore, W. H. (2000). Functional anatomy of cognitive development fMRI of\r\nverbal fluency in children and adults. Neurology, 54:180.\r\nGibbon, J., Malapani, C., Dale, C. L., and Gallistel, C. R. (2002). Toward a\r\nneurobiology of temporal cognition: advances and changes. Current Opinion in\r\nNeurobiology, 7(2), 170-184.\r\nGil-Verona, J. A., Macías, J. A., Pastor, J. F., De Paz, F., Alvarez-Alfageme, I., Rami-\r\nGonzález, L., and Boget, L. (2003). Diferencias sexuales en el sistema nervioso humano. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3(2), 351- 361.\r\nGrondin, S. (2001). From Physical Time to the First and Second Moments of Psychological Time. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 22-24.\r\nHalari, R., Hiles, M., Kumari, V., Mehrotra, R., Wheeler, M., Ng, V., and Sharma, T. (2005). Sex Differences and Individual Differences in Cognitive Performance and Their Relationship to Endogenous Gonadal Hormones and Gonadtropins. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(1), 104-117.\r\nHalpern, F. D. (1989). The Disappearance of Cognitive Gender Differences: What You See Depends on Where You Look. American Psychologist, 44(8), 1156-1158.\r\nSex Differences 29
\r\nHalpern, F. D. (1992). Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\r\nHampson, E., and Kimura, D. (1988). Reciprocal Effects of Hormonal Fluctuations on Human Motor and Perceptual-Spatial Skills. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102(3), 456-459.\r\nHausmann, D., Van Goozen, S., Cohen-Kettenis, T., and Bochum, R. (2000). Sex Hormones Affect Spatial Abilities During the Menstrual Cycle. Behavioral Neuroscience, Amercian Psychological Association, 114(6), 1245-1250.\r\nHyde, J.S., and Linn, M.C. (1988). Gender Differences in Verbal Ability: A Meta- Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104 (1), 53-69.\r\nJacklin, N. C. (1989). Female and Male Issues of Gender. Psychological Association, 44(2), 127-133.\r\nJordan, K., Wustenberg, T., Heinze, H. J., Peters, M., and Jancke, L. (2002). Women and Men Exhibit Different Cortical Activation Patterns During Mental Rotation Tasks. Neuropsychologia, 40(13), 2397-2408.\r\nKimura, D., and Seal, B. N. (2003). Sex differences in recall of real or nonsense words. Pychological Reports, 93, 263-264.\r\nLevin, I., and Zakay, D. (1989). Time in Human Cognition, A Life-Span Perspective. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers.\r\nLevine, S. C., Huttenlocher, J., Taylor, A., and Langrock, A. (1999). Early Sex Differences in Spatial Skill. Developmental Psychology, 35(4), 940-949.\r\nLevine, S.C., Vasilyeva, M., Lourenco, S.F., Newcombe, N.S., and Huttenlocher, J. (2005). Socioeconomic Status Modifies the Sex Differences in Spatial Skill.\r\nSex Differences 30
\r\nPsychological Science, 16(11), 841-845. (De PsycINFO Database Record,\r\n2005, Resumen No. 15437-001)\r\nLynds, P. (August 29, 2003). Subjective Perception of Time and a Progressive Present Moment: The Neurobiological Key to Unlocking Consciousness. Cogprints. Retrieved on March 7, 2006 from Cogprints Website: http://cogprints.org/3125.\r\nMcCormack, T., Brown, G. D., Taylor, E. A, Richardson, L. B., and Darby, R. J. (2002). Effects of Aging of Absolute Identification of Duration. Psychology and Aging, 17(3), 363-378.\r\nNaglieri, J. A., and Rojahn, J. (2001). Gender Differences in Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) Cognitive Processes and Achivement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 430-437.\r\nPiaget, J. (1978). El desarrollo de la noción del tiempo en el niño (2a ed.). México, D.F: Fondo de Cultura Económica.\r\nRahman, Q., Abrahams, S., and Wilson, G. D. (2003). Sexual-Orientation-Related Differences in Verbal Fluency. Neuropsychology, 17(2), 240-246.\r\nRakitin, B. C. (2005). The Effects of Spatial Stimulus-Response Compatibility on Choice Time Production Accuracy and Variability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(4), 685-702.\r\nRammsayer, T., and Lustnauer, S. (1989). Sex differences in time perception. Journal of Percept Motor Skills, 68 (1), 195-198.\r\nRilea, S. L, Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., and Boles, D. (2004). Sex differences in spatial ability: A lateralization of function approach. Brain and Cognition, 56, 332-343.\r\nRoberts, J. E., and Bell, M. A. (2005). Two- and Three-Dimensional Mental Rotation\r\nSex Differences 31
\r\nTasks lead to Different Parietal Laterality for Men and Women. International\r\nJournal of Psychophysiology, 50(3), 235-246.\r\nSchiff, W., and Oldak, R. (1990). Accuracy of Judging Time to Arrival: Effects of\r\nModality, Trajectory, and Gender. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human\r\nPerception and Performance, 16(2), 303-316.\r\nSchiffman, H. R. (2002). La percepción sensorial (2a ed.). México D.F: Limusa. Shepard, R. M., and Metzler, J. (1971). Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects.\r\nScience, 171(3972), 701-703.\r\nSebel, A. J., and Wilsoncroft, W. E. (1983). Auditory and visual differences in the time\r\nperception. Journal of Percept Motor Skills, 57(1), 295-300.\r\nSpelke S.E. (2005) Sex Differences in Intrinsic Aptitude for Mathematics and Science:\r\nA Critical Review. American Psychologist, 60(9), 959-958.\r\nTaatgen, N. A., Van Rijn, H., and Anderson, J. (2007). An Integrated Theory of\r\nProspective Time Interval Estimation: The Role of Cognition, Attention and\r\nLearning. Psychological Review, 114, 577-589.\r\nVoyer, D., Voyer, S., and Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of Sex Differences in\r\nSpatial Abilities: A Meta-Analysis and Consideration of Critical Variables.\r\nPsychological Bulletin, 117(2), 250-270.\r\nWeiss, E. M, Siedentopf, C., Hofer, A., Deisenhammer, E. A., Hoptman, M. J.,\r\nKremser, C., Golaszewski, S., Felber, S., Fleischhacker, W. W., and Delazer, M. (2003). Brain activation pattern during a verbal fluency test in healthy male and female volunteers: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters, 353(3), 191-194.\r\nSex Differences 32
\r\nYoshino, A., Inoue, M., and Suzuki A. (2000). A Topographic Electrophysiologic Study of Mental Rotation. Cognitive Brain Research, 9(2), 121-124.\r\nZakay, D., Nitzan D., Glicksohn, J. (1983) The influence of task difficulty and external tempo on subjective time estimation. Perception & Psychophysics, 34(5), 451- 456\r\nZimbardo, P. G., and Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288." relation_type: [] relation_uri: [] reportno: ~ rev_number: 16 series: ~ source: ~ status_changed: 2011-12-28 03:00:57 subjects: - cog-psy succeeds: ~ suggestions: ~ sword_depositor: ~ sword_slug: ~ thesistype: ~ title: Sex Differences in Subjective Estimation of Time During the Performance of Verbal and Spatial Tasks type: other userid: 15471 volume: ~