?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Misrepresentation+and+Referential+Confusion%3A+Children's+Difficulty+with+False+Beliefs+and+Outdated+Photographs&rft.creator=Perner%2C+Josef&rft.creator=Leekam%2C+Susan+R.&rft.creator=Myers%2C+Deborah&rft.creator=Davis%2C+Shalini&rft.creator=Odgers%2C+Nicola&rft.subject=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Developmental+Psychology&rft.subject=Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.subject=Social+Psychology&rft.description=Three+and+4-year-old+children+were+tested+on+matched+versions+of+Zaitchik's+(1990)+photo+task+and+Wimmer+and+Perner's+(1983)+false+belief+task.+Although+replicating+Zaitchik's+finding+that+false+belief+and+photo+task+are+of+equal+difficulty%2C+this+applied+only+to+mean+performance+across+subjects+and+no+substantial+correlation+between+the+two+tasks+was+found.+This+suggests+that+the+two+tasks+tap+different+intellectual+abilities.+It+was+further+discovered+that+children's+performance+can+be+improved+by+drawing+their+attention+to+the+back+of+the+photo+but+not+by+drawing+attention+to+the+person+holding+the+false+belief.+Results+are+interpreted+as+showing+that+children's+difficulty+with+the+photo+task+is+due+to+referential+confusion+about+which+scene+the+question+refers+to+(the+picture+or+reality)+while+the+hurdle+in+the+false+belief+task+is+to+understand+that+the+believer+misrepresents+reality.&rft.date=1998&rft.type=Preprint&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F708%2F1%2Fperner_misref.html&rft.identifier=++Perner%2C+Josef+and+Leekam%2C+Susan+R.+and+Myers%2C+Deborah+and+Davis%2C+Shalini+and+Odgers%2C+Nicola++(1998)+Misrepresentation+and+Referential+Confusion%3A+Children's+Difficulty+with+False+Beliefs+and+Outdated+Photographs.++%5BPreprint%5D++++(Unpublished)++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F708%2F