--- abstract: 'Introduction: Tubular damage is common finding in acute renal failure (ARF). Various etiologies have been put forth to explain the tubular damage in ARF, one important mechanism among them is oxidative damage to renal tubules. Several biomolecules including low-molecular weight peptides and enzymes in urine have been proposed as early markers of renal failure. Current study has been undertaken to study the thiol stress and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels in ARF patients. Method: 58 ARF patients and 55 healthy controls were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum thiols, GST, malanoldehyde (MDA) and urine thiols were determined by spectrophotometer based methods. Results: Serum thiols and urine thiols were significantly decreased (p<0.0001), and serum GST and MDA levels were significantly increased (p<0.0001) in ARF patients compared to healthy controls. Serum GST and MDA correlated positively in ARF cases (r2 = 0.6938, p<0.0001). Conclusion: There is significant thiol stress and increased lipid peroxidation in ARF patients which leads to tubular cell membrane damage and release of GST into blood stream and into urine. This may be possible mechanism for the increased presence of GST in urine (enzymuria) found in other studies' altloc: - http://www.ojhas.org/issue34/2010-2-10.htm chapter: ~ commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: ~ conference: ~ confloc: ~ contact_email: ~ creators_id: - prakashmungli@yahoo.co.in - ~ - ~ - ~ - ~ - ~ creators_name: - family: Prakash given: M honourific: '' lineage: '' - family: Kedage given: V honourific: '' lineage: '' - family: Muttigi given: MS honourific: '' lineage: '' - family: Nataraj given: K honourific: '' lineage: '' - family: Baig given: WW honourific: '' lineage: '' - family: Attur given: RP honourific: '' lineage: '' date: 2010-07-30 date_type: published datestamp: 2010-09-13 03:51:50 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/70/09 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: 0 edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: - Kakkilaya BS editors_name: - family: Kakkilaya given: Srinivas honourific: Dr lineage: '' eprint_status: archive eprintid: 7009 fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png;/7009/1/2010%2D2%2D10.pdf full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: pub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: 0 item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: Glutathione-S-transferase; thiol stress; acute renal failure; urine thiols lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:57:44 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: ~ number: 2 pagerange: ~ pubdom: TRUE publication: Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences publisher: Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences refereed: TRUE referencetext: "1.\tKikeri D, Pernell JP, Hwang KH, Jacob AL, Richman AV, Bourgoignie JJ. Endotoxemic acute renal failure in awake rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 1986;250:F1098-F1106. \r\n2.\tVersteilen AMG, DiMaggio F, Leemreis JR, Groeneveld ABJ, Musters RJP, Sipkema P. Molecular mechanisms of acute renal failure following ischemia/reperfusion. Int J Artif Org 2004;27:1009-1126. \r\n3.\tThadhani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1448-1458. \r\n4.\tKaushal GP, Basnakian AG, Shah SV. Apoptotic pathways in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2004;66:500-556. \r\n5.\tTolkoff-Rubin NE, Rubin RH, Bonventre JV. Noninvasive renal diagnostic studies. Clin Lab Med 1988;8:507-526. \r\n6.\tScherberich JE. Urinary proteins of tubular origin: basic immunological and clinical aspects. Am J Nephrol 1990;10:43-51. \r\n7.\tTrof RJ, Maggio FD, Leemreis J, Groeneveld ABJ. Biomarkers of acute renal injury and renal failure. Shock 2006;26:245-253. \r\n8.\tScherberich JE. Urinary proteins of tubular origin: basic immunological and clinical aspects. Am J Nephrol 1990;10:43-51. \r\n9.\tWesthuyzen J, Endre ZH, Reece G, Reith DM, Saltissie D, Morgan TJ. Measurement of tubular enzymuria facilitates early detection of acute renal impairment in the intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:543-551. \r\n10.\tBosomworth MP, Aparicio SR, Hay AWM. Urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase - a marker of tubular damage? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:620-626. \r\n11.\tMarchewka Z, Kuzniar J, Dlugosz A. Enzymuria and α2-microalbuminuria in the assessment of the influence of proteinuria on the progression of glomerulopathies. Int Urol Nephrol 2001;33:673-676. \r\n12.\tRaijmakers MTM, Steegers EAP, Peters WHM. Glutathione-S-transferases and thiol concentrations in embryonic and early fetal tissues. Human Reproduction 2001;16:2445-2450. \r\n13.\tPaller MS. Hoidal JR, Ferris TF. Oxygen free radicals in ischemic acute renal failure in the rat. J Clin Invest 1984;74:1156-1164. \r\n14.\tKako K, Kato M, Matsuoka T, Mustapha A. Depression of membrane-bound Na-K-ATPase activity induced by free radicals and by ischemia of kidney. Am J Physiol 1988;254:C330-C337. \r\n15.\tVasko KA, Dewall Ra, Riley AM. Effect of allopurinol in renal ischemia. Surgery 1972;71:787-790. \r\n16.\tPaller MS. Hedlund BE. The role of iron in postischemic renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int 1988;34:474-480. \r\n17.\tMalls CD, Bonventre JV. Mechanism of calcium potentiation of oxygen free radical injury to renal mitochondria. A model for post-ischemic and toxic mitochondrial damage. J Biol Chem 1986;261:14201-14208. \r\n18.\tRamsammy LS, Josepovitz C, Ling KY, Lane BP, Kaloyanides, GJ. Effects of diphenyl-phenylenediamine on gentamicin-induced lipid peroxidation and toxicity in rat renal cortex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986;238:83–88. \r\n19.\tZhang C, Walker LM, Mayeux PR. Role of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidant stress in the rat kidney. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;59:203–209. \r\n20.\tBeutler E. Red cell metabolism. In Grune and Startron (Eds.) A manual of biochemical method (3rd edn). 1984. London. pp 8-78. \r\n21.\tHabig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione-S-Tranferases: The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130-7139. \r\n22.\tHarvey JW, Beutler E. Binding of heme by Glutathiones- S Transferases – A possible role of erythrocyte enzyme. Blood 1982;60:1227-1230. \r\n23.\tMotchnik AP, Frei B, Ames NB. Measurement of Antioxidants in Human blood plasma: Protein Thiols. In: L. Packer. (Ed.), Oxygen radicals in biological systems; Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press. California. 1994. 234, part D, pp 243-275 \r\n24.\tKei Satoh. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 1978;90:37-43. \r\n25.\tDavies MJ, Fu S, Wang H, Dean RT. Stable markers of oxidant damage to proteins and their application in the study of human disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;27:1151–1163. \r\n26.\tStadtman ER. Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of proteins: Biochemical mechanism and biological consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 1990;9:315–325. \r\n27.\tHeadlam HA, Davies MJ. Beta-scission of side-chain alkoxyl radicals on peptides and proteins results in the loss of side-chains as aldehydes and ketones. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:1171–1184. \r\n28.\tHeinecke JW. Oxidized amino acids: Culprits in human atherosclerosis and indicators of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:1090–1101. \r\n29.\tSohal RS. Role of oxidative stress and protein oxidation in the aging process. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:37–44. \r\n30.\tFrei B, Stocker R, Ames BN. Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(24):9748-52. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3200852 \r\n31.\tHalliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990;280:1–8. \r\n32.\tHu ML, Louie S, Cross CE, Motchnik P, Halliwell B. Antioxidant protection against hypochlorous acid in human plasma. J Lab Clin Med 1993;121:257–262. \r\n33.\tPrakash M, Upadhya S, Prabhu R. Protein thiol oxidation and lipid peroxidation in patients with uremia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2006;64:599-604. \r\n34.\tScaduto RC Jr, Gattone VH II, Grotyohann LW, Wertz J, Martin LF. Effect of an altered glutathione content on renal ischemic injury. Am J Physiol 1988;255:F911- F921. \r\n35.\tArrick BA, Nathan CF, Griffith OW, Cohn ZA. Glutathione depletion sensitizes tumor cells to oxidative cytolysis. J Biol Chem 1982;257:1231-1237. \r\n36.\tPaller MS. Renal work, glutathione and susceptibility to free radical-mediated postischemic injury. Kidney Int 1988;33:843-849. \r\n37.\tYang HC, Gattone VH, Martin LF, Grotyohann LW, Mcelroy J, Scaduto RCJ. The effect of glutathione content on renal function following warm ischemia. J Surg Res 1990;46:633-636. \r\n38.\tHimmelfarb J, McMonagle E, Freedman S, Klenzak J, McMenamin E, Le P, Pupim LB, Ikizler TA. Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Renal Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2449–2456. \r\n39.\tKappus H. Lipid peroxidation: mechanisms, analysis, enzymology and biological relevance. In Sies H. (ed) Oxidative Stress. Academic Press. New York. 1985. pp 273-310. \r\n40.\tBrawn MK, Fridovich I. Increased superoxide radical formation evokes inducible DNA repair in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1985;260:922-925. \r\n41.\tWeitberg AB, Weitzman SA, Clark EP, Stossel TP. Effects of antioxidants on oxidant-induced sister chromatid exchange formation. J Clin Invest 1985;75:1835-1841. \r\n42.\tFliss H. Oxidation of proteins in rat heart and lungs by polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidants. Mol Cell Biochem 1988;84:177-188. \r\n43.\tGreene EL, Paller MS. Oxygen free radicals in acute renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1991;17:124-132. \r\n44.\tGamelin LM, Zager RA. Evidence against oxidant injury as a critical mediator of postischemic acute renal failure. Am J Physiol 1988;255:F450-F460." relation_type: [] relation_uri: [] reportno: ~ rev_number: 21 series: ~ source: ~ status_changed: 2010-09-13 03:51:50 subjects: - OJHAS succeeds: ~ suggestions: ~ sword_depositor: ~ sword_slug: ~ thesistype: ~ title: Glutathione-S-Transferase and Thiol Stress in patients with acute renal failure type: journale userid: 4338 volume: 9