?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=A+Cognitive-Systemic+Reconstruction+of+Maslow's+Theory+of+Self-Actualization&rft.creator=Heylighen%2C+Francis&rft.subject=Clinical+Psychology&rft.subject=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Developmental+Psychology&rft.subject=Social+Psychology&rft.description=Maslow's+need+hierarchy+and+model+of+the+self-actualizing+personality+are+reviewed+and+criticized.+The+definition+of+self-actualization+is+found+to+be+confusing%2C+and+the+gratification+of+all+needs+is+concluded+to+be+insufficient+to+explain+self-actualization.+Therefore+the+theory+is+reconstructed+on+the+basis+of+a+second-order%2C+cognitive-systemic+framework.+A+hierarchy+of+basic+needs+is+derived+from+the+urgency+of+perturbations+which+an+autonomous+system+must+compensate+in+order+to+maintain+its+identity.+It+comprises+the+needs+for+homeostasis%2C+safety%2C+protection%2C+feedback+and+exploration.+Self-actualization+is+redefined+as+the+perceived+competence+to+satisfy+these+basic+needs+in+due+time.+This+competence+has+three+components%3A+material%2C+cognitive+and+subjective.+Material+and%2For+cognitive+incompetence+during+childhood+create+subjective+incompetence%2C+which+in+turn+inhibits+the+further+development+of+cognitive+competence%2C+and+thus+of+self-actualization.&rft.date=1992&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fplain&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F692%2F1%2FMaslow2_27_27_27.txt_A4&rft.identifier=++Heylighen%2C+Francis++(1992)+A+Cognitive-Systemic+Reconstruction+of+Maslow's+Theory+of+Self-Actualization.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F692%2F