?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Situated+cognition%3A+How+representations+are+created+and+given+meaning&rft.creator=Clancey%2C+William+J.&rft.subject=Developmental+Psychology&rft.subject=Epistemology&rft.subject=Social+Psychology&rft.description=Representations+have+been+viewed+as+the+essential+concern+of+cognitive+science%2C+yet+few+studies+have+examined+how+people+create%2C+perceive%2C+and+attribute+meaning+to+new+representational+forms.+How+does+the+learner+relate+instructions+he+doesn't+yet+understand+to+features+on+the+computer+screen+he+can't+yet+parse+into+objects+and+relations%3F+Linguistic+schema+models+assume+that+the+world+comes+pre-represented%2C+already+parameterized+into+objective+features%3B+reasoning+operates+on+a+stream+of+%22perceptually+obvious%22+symbols.+In+such+an+exclusively+linguistic+cognitive+model%2C+inference+and+comprehension+rests+on+nothing+but+more+words--definitions%2C+causal+relationships%2C+classifications.+Although+it+is+well-known+that+such+models+are+%22ungrounded%2C%22+that+the+symbols+have+no+meaning+to+the+program+itself%2C+little+attempt+has+been+made+to+find+out+how+people+create+symbolic+forms.+What+are+the+non-linguistic+processes+that+control+attention%2C+affect+reconceptualization%2C+and+correlate+disparate+ways+of+seeing%3F+I+present+an+example+of+human+learning+that+falls+outside+linguistic+schema+theories%2C+illustrating+representation+creation+as+perceptual+interaction+at+both+interpersonal+and+gestural-material+levels.+I+focus+on+sequences+of+activity+in+which+students'+interpretation+of+what+constitutes+a+representational+language+(and+what+it+means)+changes+as+they+construct+models+of+what+they+are+seeing+and+doing.+This+social-perceptual+analysis+complements+linguistic+schema+theories+of+novice-expert+differences+with+more+detailed+learning+mechanisms%2C+emphasizing+especially+the+nature+of+perception.+This+perspective+leads+to+new+experimentation+and+ways+of+observing+and+understanding+student+interaction+with+today's+instructional+programs.&rft.publisher=Amsterdam%2C+North+Holland&rft.contributor=Lewis%2C+R.&rft.contributor=Mendelsohn%2C+P.&rft.date=1994&rft.type=Book+Chapter&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F661%2F1%2F133.htm&rft.identifier=++Clancey%2C+William+J.++(1994)+Situated+cognition%3A+How+representations+are+created+and+given+meaning.++%5BBook+Chapter%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F661%2F