?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=The+adaptive+problem+of+absent+third-party+punishment&rft.creator=Ingram%2C+Mr+Gordon+P.+D.&rft.creator=Piazza%2C+Mr+Jared+R.&rft.creator=Bering%2C+Dr+Jesse+M.&rft.subject=Social+Psychology&rft.subject=Developmental+Psychology&rft.subject=Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.description=Language+is+a+uniquely+human+behaviour%2C+which+has+presented+unique+adaptive+problems.+Prominent+among+these+is+the+transmission+of+information+that+may+affect+an+individual%E2%80%99s+reputation.+The+possibility+of++punishment+of+those+with+a+low+reputation+by+absent+third+parties+has+created+a+selective+pressure+on+human+beings+that+is+not+shared+by+any+other+species.+This+has+led+to+the+evolution+of+unique+cognitive+structures+that+are+capable+of+handling+such+a+novel+adaptive+challenge.+One+of+these%2C+we+argue%2C+is+the+propositional+theory+of+mind%2C+which+enables+individuals+to+model%2C+and+potentially+manipulate%2C+their+own+reputation+in+the+minds+of+other+group+members%2C+by+representing+the+beliefs+that+others+have+about+the+first+party%E2%80%99s+intentions+and+actions.+Support+for+our+theoretical+model+is+provided+by+an+observational+study+on+tattling+in+two+preschools%2C+and+an+experimental+study+of+giving+under+threat+of+gossip+in+a+dictator+game.+&rft.date=2007-11-30&rft.type=Book+Chapter&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F6044%2F1%2FIngram_Piazza_Bering_Adaptive_problem_of_absent_third_party_punishment.pdf&rft.identifier=++Ingram%2C+Mr+Gordon+P.+D.+and+Piazza%2C+Mr+Jared+R.+and+Bering%2C+Dr+Jesse+M.++(2007)+The+adaptive+problem+of+absent+third-party+punishment.++%5BBook+Chapter%5D++++(In+Press)++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F6044%2F