@misc{cogprints5300,
          volume = {8},
          number = {1},
           title = {Subclinical microcrania, subclinical macrocrarnia, and fifth-month fetal markers (of growth retardation or edema) in schizophrenia: a co-twin control study of discordant monozygotic twins.},
          author = {HS Bracha and P Gil and B Lange and J Gilder and EF Torrey and II Gottesman and DS McCray},
            year = {1995},
           pages = {44--52},
         journal = {Neropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology},
        keywords = {Schizophrenia, Etiology, Embryology, Neurodevelopment, Dysmorphology, Dermatoglyphics, Twins, Monozygotic, Nonshared environment},
             url = {http://cogprints.org/5300/},
        abstract = {Summary: We tested the hypothesis that gestational injuries in some patients with schozophrenia would leave their mark as a subtle reduction in head circumference (subclinical microcrania).  

Conclusions: The head circumferences of all subjects were in the normal range.  Decreased head circumference in affected MZ co-twins (relative to unaffected MZ co-twin) characteriazes discordant MZ pairs with larger finger-ridge-count differences (i.e., second-trimester fetal-size differences).  This study using ideal genetic controls suggests that, while present only in some patients with schizophrenia, the decrease in head circumference is most likely a consequence of in-utero nonshared environmental deleterious events manifesting as groth retardation or as fetal edema and occurring around the fifth prenatal month.  }
}

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