?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Homogeneity+in+Social+Groups+of+Iraq&rft.creator=Gresham%2C+Dr.+Jon&rft.creator=Saleh%2C+Mr.+Farouk&rft.creator=Majid%2C+Ms.+Shara&rft.subject=Social+Psychology&rft.description=Homogeneity+in+Social+Groups+of+Iraqis%0AJon+Gresham%2C+Farouk+Saleh%2C+Shara+Majid%0AJune+2006%0A%0A%09With+appreciation+to+the+Royal+Institute+for+Inter-Faith+Studies+for+initiating+the+Second+World+Congress+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies%2C+this+paper+summarizes+findings+on+homogeneity+in+community-level+social+groups+derived+from+inter-ethnic+research+conducted+during+2005+among+Iraqi+Arabs+and+Kurds+living+in+the+city+of+Basra%2C+Iraq%2C+and+in+the+Netherlands.++%0A%09We+found+that+perceptions+towards+out-groups+were+not+based+on+religion%2C+ethnicity%2C+class%2C+or+location+as+in+traditional+individual-focused+social+networks.++Patterns+of+perception+towards+out-groups+seemed+to+be+rooted+in+homogeneous+social+sub-groups+with+combinations+of+these+factors.++%0A%09This+research+project+used+a+192-item+survey+of+two+hundred+Iraqi+business+owners+and+managers+in+Iraq+and+in+the+Netherlands.+It+measured+homogeneity+of+social+group+memberships.++Survey+elements+included+items+drawn+from+the+World+Values+Surveys+(Inglehart)%2C+the+Social+Capital+Community+Benchmark+Survey+(Roper+Center)%2C+and+the+Social+Capital+Inventory+(Narayan+and+Cassidy).+%0A%09Homogeneity%2C+relationship+segregation%2C+social+trust%2C+and+community+influence+in+social+networks+were+estimated+through+indices+reflecting+components+of+social+relationships+in+priority+in-groups+emerging+from+factor+analysis+of+survey+responses.++Other+indices+included+civic+participation+(socialization)%2C+perceptions+of+threat+from+out-groups%2C+ethnic+and+religious+identity%2C+social+trust%2C+personal+security%2C+and+contribution+to+community-based+resources.%0A%09Uniformity+of+responses+to+certain+items+about+out-groups+corresponded+to+findings+by+other+authors+on+segregation+and+membership+in+social+networks+(Burt+1997%2C+Buskins+2005%2C+Inglehart+2004%2C+Narayan+and+Cassidy+2001%2C+Putnam+1995).++%0A%09This+work+was+an+expansion+on+a+study+on+perceptions+of+threat+from+out-groups+among+Iraqis+in+five+locations+conducted+in+2003+(Gresham+2004).+%0A%0AThis+paper+presents+the+following+major+sections%3A%0AI.+++%09+Introduction%0AII.++%09+Purpose%0AIII.+%09+Background%0AIV.%09+Methodology+%0AV.%09+Results%0AVI.+%09+Reporting+Process%0AVII.%09+Conclusions%0AVIII.+Further+Work%0AIX.%09+Appendix%0AX.%09+End+Notes%0A%0A%09%0A*Jon+Gresham%2C+European+Research+Centre+On+Migration+%26+Ethnic+Relations%2C%0A%09University+of+Utrecht%2C+Netherlands%0AFarouk+Saleh%2C+University+of+Tilburg%2C+Netherlands%0AShara+Majid%2C+Erasmus+University%2C+Netherlands%0ASee+other+reports+at%3A++http%3A%2F%2Fwww.CivilSocietyIraq.seedwiki.com%0A&rft.date=2006&rft.type=Conference+Paper&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5212%2F1%2FGreshamIraqSocialGroups.pdf&rft.identifier=++Gresham%2C+Dr.+Jon+and+Saleh%2C+Mr.+Farouk+and+Majid%2C+Ms.+Shara++(2006)+Homogeneity+in+Social+Groups+of+Iraq.++%5BConference+Paper%5D++++(Unpublished)++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5212%2F