?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Combat+and+Warfare+in+the+Early+Paleolithic+and+Medically+Unexplained+Musculo-Facial+Pain+in+the+21st+Century+War+Veterns+and+Active-Duty+Military+Personnel&rft.creator=Bracha%2C+Dr.+Stefan&rft.creator=Person%2C+Dr.%2C+COL%2C+MC+Donald+A.&rft.creator=Bernstein%2C+Dr.+David+M.&rft.creator=Flaxman%2C+Dr.+Norman+A.&rft.creator=Masukawa%2C+Nicole+K.&rft.subject=Neuropsychiatry&rft.subject=Evolution&rft.subject=Neurochemistry&rft.description=In+a+series+of+recent+articles%2C+we+%0Asuggest+that+family+dentists%2C+military+%0Adentists+and+psychiatrists+with+expertise+%0Ain+posttraumatic+stress+disorder+(especially+in+the+Veterans+Health+Administration)+are+likely+to+see+an+increased+%0Anumber+of+patients+with+symptomatic+%0Ajaw-clenching+and+early+stages+of+tooth-%0Agrinding+(Bracha+et+al.%2C+2005).+Returning+%0Awarfighters+and+other+returnees+from+%0Amilitary+deployment+may+be+especially+%0Aat+risk+for+high+rates+of+clenching-%0Ainduced+masticatory+muscle+disorders+%0Aat+early+stages+of+incisor+grinding.+The+%0Aliterature+we+have+recently+reviewed+%0Astrongly+supports+the+conclusion+that+%0A%0Aclenching+and+grinding+may+primarily+%0Abe+a+manifestation+of+experiencing+%0Aextreme+fear+or+severe+chronic+distress+%0A(respectively).+We+have+recently+%0Areviewed+the+clinical+and+paleoanthropological+literature+and+have+noted+that+%0Aancestral+warfare+and+ancestral+combat%2C+%0Ain+the+early+Paleolithic+Environment+of+%0AEvolutionary+Adaptedness+(EEA)+may+%0Abe+a+neglected+factor+explaining+the+%0Aconservation+of+the+archaic+trait+of+%0Abite-muscle+strengthening.+We+have+%0Ahypothesized+that+among+ancestral+%0Awarriors%2C+jaw+clenching+may+have+%0Arapidly+strengthened+the+two+primary+%0Amuscles+involved+in+biting%2C+the+masseter+%0Amuscles+and+the+much+larger+temporalis+muscles.+The+strengthening+of+%0Athese+muscles+may+have+served+the+%0Apurpose+of+enabling+a+stronger%2C+deeper%2C+%0Aand+therefore+more+lethal%2C+defensive+%0Abite+for+early+Paleolithic+humans.+The+%0Aneuroevolutionary+perspective+presented+here+may+be+novel+to+many+dentists.+However%2C+it+may+be+useful+in+%0Apatient+education+and+in+preventing+%0Aprogression+from+jaw-clenching+to+%0Achronic+facial+pain.+&rft.date=2005-12&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5033%2F1%2F2005_H.D.J_Combat_%2526_Unexplained_Musculofacial_Pain.pdf&rft.identifier=++Bracha%2C+Dr.+Stefan+and+Person%2C+Dr.%2C+COL%2C+MC+Donald+A.+and+Bernstein%2C+Dr.+David+M.+and+Flaxman%2C+Dr.+Norman+A.+and+Masukawa%2C+Nicole+K.++(2005)+Combat+and+Warfare+in+the+Early+Paleolithic+and+Medically+Unexplained+Musculo-Facial+Pain+in+the+21st+Century+War+Veterns+and+Active-Duty+Military+Personnel.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5033%2F