?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Human+brain+evolution+and+the+%22Neuroevolutionary+Time-depth+Principle%3A%22+Implications+for+the+Reclassification+of+fear-circuitry-related+traits+in+DSM-V+and+for+studying+resilience+to+warzone-related+posttraumatic+stress+disorder.%0A&rft.creator=Bracha%2C+Dr.+H.+Stefan&rft.subject=Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.subject=Philosophy+of+Science&rft.description=The+DSM-III%2C+DSM-IV%2C+DSM-IV-TR+and+ICD-10+have+judiciously+minimized+discussion+of+etiologies+to+distance+clinical+psychiatry+from+Freudian+psychoanalysis.+With+this+goal+mostly+achieved%2C+discussion+of+etiological+factors+should+be+reintroduced+into+the+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders%2C+Fifth+Edition+(DSM-V).+A+research+agenda+for+the+DSM-V+advocated+the+%22development+of+a+pathophysiologically+based+classification+system%22.+The+author+critically+reviews+the+neuroevolutionary+literature+on+stress-induced+and+fear+circuitry+disorders+and+related+amygdala-driven%2C+species-atypical+fear+behaviors+of+clinical+severity+in+adult+humans.+Over+30+empirically+testable%2Ffalsifiable+predictions+are+presented.+It+is+noted+that+in+DSM-IV-TR+and+ICD-10%2C+the+classification+of+stress+and+fear+circuitry+disorders+is+neither+mode-of-acquisition-based+nor+brain-evolution-based.+For+example%2C+snake+phobia+(innate)+and+dog+phobia+(overconsolidational)+are+clustered+together.+Similarly%2C+research+on+blood-injection-injury-type-specific+phobia+clusters+two+fears+different+in+their+innateness%3A+1)+an+arguably+ontogenetic+memory-trace-overconsolidation-based+fear+(hospital+phobia)+and+2)+a+hardwired+(innate)+fear+of+the+sight+of+one's+blood+or+a+sharp+object+penetrating+one's+skin.+Genetic+architecture-charting+of+fear-circuitry-related+traits+has+been+challenging.+Various%2C+non-phenotype-based+architectures+can+serve+as+targets+for+research.+In+this+article%2C+the+author+will+propose+one+such+alternative+genetic+architecture.+This+article+was+inspired+by+the+following%3A+A)+Nesse's+%22Smoke-Detector+Principle%22%2C+B)+the+increasing+suspicion+that+the+%22smooth%22+rather+than+%22lumpy%22+distribution+of+complex+psychiatric+phenotypes+(including+fear-circuitry+disorders)+may+in+some+cases+be+accounted+for+by+oligogenic+(and+not+necessarily+polygenic)+transmission%2C+and+C)+insights+from+the+initial+sequence+of+the+chimpanzee+genome+and+comparison+with+the+human+genome+by+the+Chimpanzee+Sequencing+and+Analysis+Consortium+published+in+late+2005.+Neuroevolutionary+insights+relevant+to+fear+circuitry+symptoms+that+primarily+emerge+overconsolidationally+(especially+Combat+related+Posttraumatic+Stress+Disorder)+are+presented.+Also+introduced+is+a+human-evolution-based+principle+for+clustering+innate+fear+traits.+The+%22Neuroevolutionary+Time-depth+Principle%22+of+innate+fears+proposed+in+this+article+may+be+useful+in+the+development+of+a+neuroevolution-based+taxonomic+re-clustering+of+stress-triggered+and+fear-circuitry+disorders+in+DSM-V.+Four+broad+clusters+of+evolved+fear+circuits+are+proposed+based+on+their+time-depths%3A+1)+Mesozoic+(mammalian-wide)+circuits+hardwired+by+wild-type+alleles+driven+to+fixation+by+Mesozoic+selective+sweeps%3B+2)+Cenozoic+(simian-wide)+circuits+relevant+to+many+specific+phobias%3B+3)+mid+Paleolithic+and+upper+Paleolithic+(Homo+sapiens-specific)+circuits+(arguably+resulting+mostly+from+mate-choice-driven+stabilizing+selection)%3B+4)+Neolithic+circuits+(arguably+mostly+related+to+stabilizing+selection+driven+by+gene-culture+co-evolution).+More+importantly%2C+the+author+presents+evolutionary+perspectives+on+warzone-related+PTSD%2C+Combat-Stress+Reaction%2C+Combat-related+Stress%2C+Operational-Stress%2C+and+other+deployment-stress-induced+symptoms.+The+Neuroevolutionary+Time-depth+Principle+presented+in+this+article+may+help+explain+the+dissimilar+stress-resilience+levels+following+different+types+of+acute+threat+to+survival+of+oneself+or+one's+progency+(aka+DSM-III+and+DSM-V+PTSD+Criterion-A+events).+PTSD+rates+following+exposure+to+lethal+inter-group+violence+(combat%2C+warzone+exposure+or+intentionally+caused+disasters+such+as+terrorism)+are+usually+5-10+times+higher+than+rates+following+large-scale+natural+disasters+such+as+forest+fires%2C+floods%2C+hurricanes%2C+volcanic+eruptions%2C+and+earthquakes.+The+author+predicts+that+both+intentionally-caused+large-scale+bioevent-disasters%2C+as+well+as+natural+bioevents+such+as+SARS+and+avian+flu+pandemics+will+be+an+exception+and+are+likely+to+be+followed+by+PTSD+rates+approaching+those+that+follow+warzone+exposure.+During+bioevents%2C+Amygdala-driven+and+locus-coeruleus-driven+epidemic+pseudosomatic+symptoms+may+be+an+order+of+magnitude+more+common+than+infection-caused+cytokine-driven+symptoms.+Implications+for+the+red+cross+and+FEMA+are+discussed.+It+is+also+argued+that+hospital+phobia+as+well+as+dog+phobia%2C+bird+phobia+and+bat+phobia+require+re-taxonomization+in+DSM-V+in+a+new+%22overconsolidational+disorders%22+category+anchored+around+PTSD.+The+overconsolidational+spectrum+category+may+be+conceptualized+as+straddling+the+fear+circuitry+spectrum+disorders+and+the+affective+spectrum+disorders+categories%2C+and+may+be+a+category+for+which+Pitman's+secondary+prevention+propranolol+regimen+may+be+specifically+indicated+as+a+%22morning+after+pill%22+intervention.+Predictions+are+presented+regarding+obsessive-compulsive+disorder+(OCD)+(e.g.%2C+female-pattern+hoarding+vs.+male-pattern+hoarding)+and+%22culture-bound%22+acute+anxiety+symptoms+(taijin-kyofusho%2C+koro%2C+shuk+yang%2C+shook+yong%2C+suo+yang%2C+rok-joo%2C+jinjinia-bemar%2C+karoshi%2C+gwarosa%2C+Voodoo+death).+Also+discussed+are+insights+relevant+to+pseudoneurological+symptoms+and+to+the+forthcoming+Dissociative-Conversive+disorders+category+in+DSM-V%2C+including+what+the+author+terms+fright-triggered+acute+pseudo-localized+symptoms+(i.e.%2C+pseudoparalysis%2C+pseudocerebellar+imbalance%2C+psychogenic+blindness%2C+pseudoseizures%2C+and+epidemic+sociogenic+illness).+Speculations+based+on+studies+of+the+human+abnormal-spindle-like%2C+microcephaly-associated+(ASPM)+gene%2C+the+microcephaly+primary+autosomal+recessive+(MCPH)+gene%2C+and+the+forkhead+box+p2+(FOXP2)+gene+are+made+and+incorporated+into+what+is+termed+%22The+pre-FOXP2+Hypothesis+of+Blood-Injection-Injury+Phobia.%22+Finally%2C+the+author+argues+for+a+non-reductionistic+fusion+of+%22distal+(evolutionary)+neurobiology%22+with+clinical+%22proximal+neurobiology%2C%22+utilizing+neurological+heuristics.+It+is+noted+that+the+value+of+re-clustering+fear+traits+based+on+behavioral+ethology%2C+human-phylogenomics-derived+endophenotypes+and+on+ontogenomics+(gene-environment+interactions)+can+be+confirmed+or+disconfirmed+using+epidemiological+or+twin+studies+and+psychiatric+genomics.%0A%0A&rft.publisher=Elsevier&rft.date=2006-07&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5013%2F1%2F2006_P.N.P._Neuro-evolution_of_fear_circuit_disorders.pdf&rft.identifier=++Bracha%2C+Dr.+H.+Stefan++(2006)+Human+brain+evolution+and+the+%22Neuroevolutionary+Time-depth+Principle%3A%22+Implications+for+the+Reclassification+of+fear-circuitry-related+traits+in+DSM-V+and+for+studying+resilience+to+warzone-related+posttraumatic+stress+disorder.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5013%2F