creators_name: Okoli, Charles creators_name: K, Chah creators_name: P, Ozoh creators_name: A, Udedibie creators_id: Okoli CI creators_id: Chah KF creators_id: Ozoh PTE creators_id: Udedibie ABI editors_name: Kakkilaya, Srinivas editors_id: Kakkilaya BS type: journale datestamp: 2006-01-14 lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:56:19 metadata_visibility: show title: Anti Microbial Resistance Profile of E. coli isolates From Tropical Free Range Chickens ispublished: pub subjects: OJHAS full_text_status: public keywords: E. coli, Anti-microbial resistance, Local fowl, Turkey, Roosters, Cockerels, Nigeria abstract: Normal intestinal flora of humans and animals constitute enormous reservoir of resistance genes for potentially pathogenic bacteria and may serve as major indictors of selection pressure exerted by anti-microbial use in a given population. A study was conducted in September 2003 at 3 purposively selected peri-urban sites spread across 3 senatorial zones of Imo state, Nigeria to determines the anti-microbial resistance profile of commensal E. coli isolated from free range chickens. The isolates were screened for anti-microbial resistance profile against 10 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. E. coli strains from local fowls, recorded 100 and 78.9% resistances against ampicillin and cotrimoxazole respectively, while resistance rates against ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and norfloxacin were 0.0, 5.3 and 5.3% respectively. Isolates from free-range cockerels recorded 100% resistance against norfloxacin, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin and 83.3% against nitrofurantoin. Similarly, isolates from old layers, recorded 100% resistance against nitrofurantoin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin and 80% against nalidixic acid. Similar resistance trends were observed in E. coli isolates from free-range turkeys and broiler roosters against the inexpensive broad-spectrum first line antibiotics (ampicillin, nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol), although values varied slightly across poultry types. Resistances against gentamycin were consistently low in isolates from the different types of poultry. Twenty-nine resistance patterns were observed in the E. coli isolates with predominant patterns being distributed widely across poultry types indicating a striking diversity of resistance patterns in the areas. date: 2005-11 date_type: published publication: Online Journal Of Health And Allied Sciences volume: 4 number: 3 publisher: Dr. B.S. Kakkilaya refereed: TRUE referencetext: 1. Van den Bogaard AE, Stobberingh EE. Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics. Links between animals and humans. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000;14:327-335. 2. Lester SC, del Pilar Pla M, Wang F. The carriage of Escherichia coli resistant to anti-microbial agents by healthy children in Boston, in Caracas, Venezuela and in Qin Pu, China. New England Journal Medicine 1990;323:285-289 3. Murray BE. Problems and Dilemmas of anti-microbial resistance. Pharmacotherapy 1992;12:865-935. 4. Singleton P. Bacteria in biology, biotechnology and medicine, 4th Ed. John Wiley and sons. Ltd, New York, Toronto; 1997. 5. Lipsitch M, Samore MH. Anti-microbial use and anti-microbial resistance: A population perspective. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002;8:347-354. 6. Halloran ME, Struchiner CJ. Study designs for dependent happenings. Epidemiology 1991;2:331-338. 7. Donskey CJ, Chowdhry TK, Hecker MT et al. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the density of vancomycin-resistant enteroccoci in the stool of colonized patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000; 343: 1925-32. 8. Agarwa lKC, Garg RK, Panhotra BR et al. Drug resistance in salmonella isolated at Chandigarh (India) during 1972-1978. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1980;46:387-390. 9. Ling J, Chau PY, Rowe B. Salmonella serotypes and incidence of multiple- resistant salmonellae isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Hong Kong from 1973-1982. Epidemiological of Infection 1987;99:295-306. 10. Kariuki S, Gilks C, Corkill J et al. Multi-drug resistant non-typhoid salmonellae in Kenya. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1996;38:425-34. 11. Okoli IC, Okeudo NJ, Onwuchekwa CI. New trends in antibiotic resistance among E. coli isolates from southern Nigeria. In book of abstracts for the 39th annual national congress, Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association, 2002 October 27- 31; Sokoto, Nigeria. 2002, p. 16. 12. Levy SB. Antibiotic resistance: an ecological imbalance. In Chadwick DJ, Goode J, eds. Antibiotic resistance. Origins, evolution, selection and spread. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1997. p. 1-14. 13. Wray C. Medical impact of anti-microbial use in food animal production. Scenarios and risk assessment, salmonella and E coli in England and Wales. Proceeding of the WHO Meeting on the Usage of Quinolones in Animals, Berlin. 1997. p. 45 -51. 14. Khachatourians GG. Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria. CMAJ 1998;159:1129-1136. 15. Apley M.D, Brown SA, Fedorka-Cray PJ et al. Role of veterinary therapeutics in bacterial resistance development: animal and public health perspectives. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 1998;212:1209-1213. 16. Witte W. Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture. Science 1998;279:996-997. 17. Witte W, Klare I, Werner G. The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal husbandry and antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens of humans. Fleischwirfscharft, 1999;79:90-94. 18. Okoli C Aerial gases and temperature levels in selected poultry houses in Imo State - Nigeria. In: Malu UC, Gottwald F (eds.) Studies of sustainable agriculture and animal science in sub- Saharan Africa. Peter Lang, Europalscher Verlag der Wissenschaften; 2004. p. 19. Okoli IC. Studies on the anti-microbial resistance of E. coli isolates from feeds and poultry production units. Ph. D. Thesis, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, 2003. p. 248. 20. Chah KF, Bessong WO, Oboegbulem SI. Antibiotic resistance in avian colisepticeamic E. Coli strains in Southeast, Nigeria. In, Proc. 25th Ann. Conf., Nig. Soc. For Anim. Prod. (NSAP), 2000 March, 19-23; Umudike, Nigeria: 2000. p. 303-305. 21. Gillies, RR, Dodds TC. Bacteriology illustrated 4th edition. Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh, London. 1976 22. Cruickshank R, Duguid JP, Marmion BP et al. Medical microbiology. 12th edition, Vol. 2, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 1983. 23. Edwards PRD, Ewing WR. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 3rd edition, Minneapolis, Minnesota : Burgess Publishing Company; 1972. 24. Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1966;36:493-6. 25. NCCLS Performance standard of anti-microbial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals. Approved standards, M 31 - A, 1999;19 (11). 26. Cheesbrough M Microbiological tests. In: District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000. 27. Chah KF, Okafor SC, Oboegbulem SI. Anti-microbial resistance of none clinical E. coli strains from chicken in Nsukka, Southeastern Nigeria. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 2003;30(1):101-106. 28. Wang M, Tran JH, Jacoby GH et al. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of E. coli from Shanghai, China. Antimirobial Agents Chemotherapy, 2003;47(7):2242-2248. 29. Stern NJ. Reservoirs for Campylobacter jejuni and approaches for intervention in poultry. In: Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ, Tompkins LS. (editors) Campylobacter jejuni: current status and further trends, Washington, American Society for Microbiology, 1992; p. 40-60. 30. On SLW, Nielsen EM, Engberg J, Madsen M. Validity of Scal defined genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni examined by Scal I, Kp nl and Bam 1-11 polymorphisms: evidence of identical clones infecting humans, poultry and cattle. Epidemology of Infection 1998;120:231-237. 31. Okoli IC, Chah KF, Herbert U et al. Anti-microbial resistance of non-clinical E. coli isolates from a commercial layer poultry farm in Imo state, Nigeria. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2005; (In press). 32. Schroeder CM, Meng J, Zhao S et al. Ant microbial resistance of Escherichia coli 026, 0103, 0111, 0128 and 0145 from animals and humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002;8(12):1409-1414. 33. Jones ME, Peters E, Weersink, AM et al. Widespread occurrence of integrons causing multiple antibiotic resistances in bacteria. Lancet 1997;349:1742-1743. citation: Okoli I, Charles and K F, Chah and P TE, Ozoh and A BI, Udedibie (2005) Anti Microbial Resistance Profile of E. coli isolates From Tropical Free Range Chickens. [Journal (On-line/Unpaginated)] document_url: http://cogprints.org/4699/1/2005-3-3.pdf