?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Biological+Pacemakers&rft.creator=G%2C+Rajesh&rft.creator=Francis%2C+Johnson&rft.subject=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Journal&rft.description=Genetically+engineered+pacemakers+could+be+a+possible+alternative+to+implantable+electronic+devices+for+the+treatment+of+bradyarrhythmias.+The+strategies+include+upregulation+of+beta+adrenergic+receptors%2C+conversion+of+myocytes+into+pacemaker+cells+and+stem+cell+therapy.+Pacemaker+activity+in+adult+ventricular+myocytes+is+normally+repressed+by+the+inward+rectifier+potassium+current+(IK1).+The+IK1+current+is+encoded+by+the+Kir2+gene+family.+Use+of+a+negative+construct+that+suppresses+current+when+expressed+with+wild-type+Kir2.1+is+an+experimental+approach+for+genesis+of+genetic+pacemaker.+hyperpolarisation+activated+cyclic+nucleotide+gated+(HCN)+channels+which+generate+If+current%2C+the+pacemaker+current+of+heart+can+be+delivered+to+heart+by+using+stem+cell+therapy+approach+and+viral+vectors.+The+unresolved+issues+include+longevity+and+stability+of+pacemaker+genes%2C+limitations+involved+in+adenoviral+and+stem+cell+therapy+and+creation+of+genetic+pacemakers+which+can+compete+with+the+electronic+units.%0A&rft.publisher=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Group&rft.contributor=Singh%2C+Balbir&rft.contributor=Lokhandwala%2C+Yash&rft.contributor=Francis%2C+Johnson&rft.contributor=Gupta%2C+Anup&rft.date=2005-01&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4599%2F1%2Frajesh.htm&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4599%2F2%2Frajesh.pdf&rft.identifier=++G%2C+Rajesh+and+Francis%2C+Johnson++(2005)+Biological+Pacemakers.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4599%2F