creators_name: Szili-Torok, T creators_name: Thornton, A editors_name: Singh, Balbir editors_name: Lokhandwala, Yash editors_name: Francis, Johnson editors_name: Gupta, Anup type: journalp datestamp: 2005-05-02 lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:56:00 metadata_visibility: show title: The Effects Of Right Ventricular Apical Pacing On Left Ventricular Function Stimulation Of The Right Ventricular Apex: Should It Still Be The Gold Standard? ispublished: pub subjects: ipej full_text_status: public keywords: left ventricular function, pacing abstract: Current pacing practice is undergoing continuous and substantial changes. Initially pacing had an exclusively palliative role, since it was reserved for patients developing complete heart block or severe symptomatic bradycardia. With the appearance of novel pacing indications such as pacing for heart failure and atrial fibrillation, the effect of pacing site on cardiac function has become a critically important issue and a subject for consideration. It seems that the classical pacing site in the right ventricular apex is no longer the gold standard because of possible disadvantageous effects on cardiac function. The aim of this review article is to discuss the effect of right ventricular apical pacing on cardiac function including cellular and hemodynamic changes. We also aim to discuss the role of alternative pacing sites in the light of cardiac function. date: 2003-04 date_type: published publication: Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal volume: 3 number: 2 publisher: Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Group pagerange: 74-80 refereed: TRUE referencetext: 1. Furman S. The fiftieth anniversary of cardiac pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:751-2. 2. Jeffrey K. The invention and reinvention of cardiac pacing. Cardiol Clin 1992;10:561-71. 3. Wyndham CR, Smith T, Meeran MK, Mammana R, Levitsky S, Rosen KM. Epicardial activation in patients with left bundle branch block. Circulation 1980;61:696-703. 4. Vassallo JA, Cassidy DM, Marchlinski FE, et al. Endocardial activation of left bundle branch block. Circulation 1984;69:914-23. 5. Verbeek XA, Vernooy K, Peschar M, Van Der Nagel T, Van Hunnik A, Prinzen FW. Quantification of interventricular asynchrony during LBBB and ventricular pacing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;283:H1370-8. 6. Prinzen FW, Van Oosterhout MF, Vanagt WY, Storm C, Reneman RS. Optimization of ventricular function by improving the activation sequence during ventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:2256-60. 7. Schwaab B, Kindermann M, Frohlig G, Berg M, Kusch O, Schieffer H. Septal lead implantation for the reduction of paced QRS duration using passive-fixation leads. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:28-33. 8. Daggett WM, Bianco JA, Powell WJ, Jr., Austen WG. Relative contributions of the atrial systoleventricular systole interval and of patterns of ventricular activation to ventricular function during electrical pacing of the dog heart. Circ Res 1970;27:69-79. 9. Burkhoff D, Oikawa RY, Sagawa K. Influence of pacing site on canine left ventricular contraction. Am J Physiol 1986;251:H428-35. 10. Little WC, Reeves RC, Arciniegas J, Katholi RE, Rogers EW. Mechanism of abnormal interventricular septal motion during delayed left ventricular activation. Circulation 1982;65:1486-91. 11. Prinzen FW, Augustijn CH, Arts T, Allessie MA, Reneman RS. Redistribution of myocardial fiber strain and blood flow by asynchronous activation. Am J Physiol 1990;259:H300-8. 12. Prinzen FW, Hunter WC, Wyman BT, McVeigh ER. Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1735-42. 13. Wyman BT, Hunter WC, Prinzen FW, Faris OP, McVeigh ER. Effects of single- and biventricular pacing on temporal and spatial dynamics of ventricular contraction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;282:H372-9. 14. Hirzel HO, Senn M, Nuesch K, et al. Thallium-201 scintigraphy in complete left bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol 1984;53:764-9. 15. Vrobel TR, Ring WS, Anderson RW, Emery RW, Bache RJ. Effect of heart rate on myocardial blood flow in dogs with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1980;239:H621-7. 16. Ono S, Nohara R, Kambara H, Okuda K, Kawai C. Regional myocardial perfusion and glucose metabolism in experimental left bundle branch block. Circulation 1992;85:1125-31. 17. Feigl EO. Coronary physiology. Physiol Rev 1983;63:1-205. 18. Kolettis TM, Kremastinos DT, Kyriakides ZS, Tsirakos A, Toutouzas PK. Effects of atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular sequential pacing on coronary flow reserve. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995;18:1628-35. 19. Tse HF, Lau CP. Long-term effect of right ventricular pacing on myocardial perfusion and function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:744-9. 20. Lee MA, Dae MW, Langberg JJ, et al. Effects of long-term right ventricular apical pacing on left ventricular perfusion, innervation, function and histology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:225-32. 21. Vardas PE, Simantirakis EN, Parthenakis FI, Chrysostomakis SI, Skalidis EI, Zuridakis EG. AAIR versus DDDR pacing in patients with impaired sinus node chronotropy: an echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:1762-8. 22. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1845-53. 23. Abraham WT. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure: biventricular pacing and beyond. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:346-52. 24. Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med 2001;344:873-80. 25. Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Block M, et al. Effect of pacing chamber and atrioventricular delay on acute systolic function of paced patients with congestive heart failure. The Pacing Therapies for Congestive Heart Failure Study Group. The Guidant Congestive Heart Failure Research Group. Circulation 1999;99:2993-3001. 26. Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1997;350:1210-6. 27. Ebagosti A, Gueunoun M, Saadjian A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with VVI pacing and sequential pacing with special reference to VA retrograde conduction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988;11:1929-34. 28. Nielsen JC, Andersen HR, Thomsen PE, et al. Heart failure and echocardiographic changes during long-term follow-up of patients with sick sinus syndrome randomized to single-chamber atrial or ventricular pacing. Circulation 1998;97:987-95. 29. Linde-Edelstam C, Nordlander R, Unden AL, Orth-Gomer K, Ryden L. Quality-of-life in patients treated with atrioventricular synchronous pacing compared to rate modulated ventricular pacing: a long-term, double-blind, crossover study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992;15:1467-76. 30. Lamas GA, Orav EJ, Stambler BS, et al. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1097-104. 31. Nielsen JC, Bottcher M, Nielsen TT, Pedersen AK, Andersen HR. Regional myocardial blood flow in patients with sick sinus syndrome randomized to long-term single chamber atrial or dual chamber pacing--effect of pacing mode and rate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1453-61. 32. Redfield MM, Kay GN, Jenkins LS, Mianulli M, Jensen DN, Ellenbogen KA. Tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy: a common cause of ventricular dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation referred for atrioventricular ablation. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:790-5. 33. Kay GN, Ellenbogen KA, Giudici M, et al. The Ablate and Pace Trial: a prospective study of catheter ablation of the AV conduction system and permanent pacemaker implantation for treatment of atrial fibrillation. APT Investigators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1998;2:121-35. 34.. Brignole M, Menozzi C, Gianfranchi L, et al. Assessment of atrioventricular junction ablation and VVIR pacemaker versus pharmacological treatment in patients with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation: a randomized, controlled study. Circulation 1998;98:953-60. 35. Rodriguez LM, Smeets JL, Xie B, et al. Improvement in left ventricular function by ablation of atrioventricular nodal conduction in selected patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:1137-41. 36. Jordaens L, Szili-Torok T. Between Scylla and Charybdis: a choice between equally dreadful alternatives. Europace 2002;4:215-8. 37. Wood MA, Brown-Mahoney C, Kay GN, Ellenbogen KA. Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis. Circulation 2000;101:1138-44. 38. Samet P, Castillo C, Bernsein WH. Hemodynamic consequences of sequential atrioventricular pacing. Subjects with normal hearts. Am J Cardiol 1968;21:207-12. 39. Blanc JJ, Etienne Y, Gilard M, et al. Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure: results of an acute hemodynamic study. Circulation 1997;96:3273-7. citation: Szili-Torok, T and Thornton, A (2003) The Effects Of Right Ventricular Apical Pacing On Left Ventricular Function Stimulation Of The Right Ventricular Apex: Should It Still Be The Gold Standard? [Journal (Paginated)] document_url: http://cogprints.org/4287/1/torok.htm