?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Trends+in+Cardiac+Pacemaker+Batteries%0A&rft.creator=Mallela%2C+Venkateswara+Sarma&rft.creator=Ilankumaran%2C+V&rft.creator=Rao%2C+Srinivasa+N&rft.subject=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Journal&rft.description=Batteries+used+in+Implantable+cardiac+pacemakers-present+unique+challenges+to+their+developers+and+manufacturers+in+terms+of+high+levels+of+safety+and+reliability.+In+addition%2C+the+batteries+must+have+longevity+to+avoid+frequent+replacements.+Technological+advances+in+leads%2Felectrodes+have+reduced+energy+requirements+by+two+orders+of+magnitude.+Micro-electronics+advances+sharply+reduce+internal+current+drain+concurrently+decreasing+size+and+increasing+functionality%2C+reliability%2C+and+longevity.+It+is+reported+that+about+600%2C000+pacemakers+are+implanted+each+year+worldwide+and+the+total+number+of+people+with+various+types+of+implanted+pacemaker+has+already+crossed+3+million.+A+cardiac+pacemaker+uses+half+of+its+battery+power+for+cardiac+stimulation+and+the+other+half+for+housekeeping+tasks+such+as+monitoring+and+data+logging.+The+first+implanted+cardiac+pacemaker+used+nickel-cadmium+rechargeable+battery%2C+later+on+zinc-mercury+battery+was+developed+and+used+which+lasted+for+over+2+years.+Lithium+iodine+battery+invented+and+used+by+Wilson+Greatbatch+and+his+team+in+1972+made+the+real+impact+to+implantable+cardiac+pacemakers.+This+battery+lasts+for+about+10+years+and+even+today+is+the+power+source+for+many+manufacturers+of+cardiac+pacemakers.+This+paper+briefly+reviews+various+developments+of+battery+technologies+since+the+inception+of+cardiac+pacemaker+and+presents+the+alternative+to+lithium+iodine+battery+for+the+near+future.++%0A&rft.publisher=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Group&rft.contributor=Singh%2C+Balbir&rft.contributor=Lokhandwala%2C+Yash&rft.contributor=Francis%2C+Johnson&rft.contributor=Gupta%2C+Anup&rft.date=2004-10&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4185%2F1%2Fmallela.pdf&rft.identifier=++Mallela%2C+Venkateswara+Sarma+and+Ilankumaran%2C+V+and+Rao%2C+Srinivasa+N++(2004)+Trends+in+Cardiac+Pacemaker+Batteries.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F4185%2F