?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Human-Level+Performance+on+Word+Analogy+Questions+by+Latent+Relational+Analysis&rft.creator=Turney%2C+Peter+D.&rft.subject=Language&rft.subject=Computational+Linguistics&rft.subject=Semantics&rft.subject=Machine+Learning&rft.description=This+paper+introduces+Latent+Relational+Analysis+(LRA)%2C+a+method+for+measuring+relational+similarity.+LRA+has+potential+applications+in+many+areas%2C+including+information+extraction%2C+word+sense+disambiguation%2C+machine+translation%2C+and+information+retrieval.+Relational+similarity+is+correspondence+between+relations%2C+in+contrast+with+attributional+similarity%2C+which+is+correspondence+between+attributes.+When+two+words+have+a+high+degree+of+attributional+similarity%2C+we+call+them+synonyms.+When+two+pairs+of+words+have+a+high+degree+of+relational+similarity%2C+we+say+that+their+relations+are+analogous.+For+example%2C+the+word+pair+mason%2Fstone+is+analogous+to+the+pair+carpenter%2Fwood%3B+the+relations+between+mason+and+stone+are+highly+similar+to+the+relations+between+carpenter+and+wood.+Past+work+on+semantic+similarity+measures+has+mainly+been+concerned+with+attributional+similarity.+For+instance%2C+Latent+Semantic+Analysis+(LSA)+can+measure+the+degree+of+similarity+between+two+words%2C+but+not+between+two+relations.+Recently+the+Vector+Space+Model+(VSM)+of+information+retrieval+has+been+adapted+to+the+task+of+measuring+relational+similarity%2C+achieving+a+score+of+47%25+on+a+collection+of+374+college-level+multiple-choice+word+analogy+questions.+In+the+VSM+approach%2C+the+relation+between+a+pair+of+words+is+characterized+by+a+vector+of+frequencies+of+predefined+patterns+in+a+large+corpus.+LRA+extends+the+VSM+approach+in+three+ways%3A+(1)+the+patterns+are+derived+automatically+from+the+corpus+(they+are+not+predefined)%2C+(2)+the+Singular+Value+Decomposition+(SVD)+is+used+to+smooth+the+frequency+data+(it+is+also+used+this+way+in+LSA)%2C+and+(3)+automatically+generated+synonyms+are+used+to+explore+reformulations+of+the+word+pairs.+LRA+achieves+56%25+on+the+374+analogy+questions%2C+statistically+equivalent+to+the+average+human+score+of+57%25.+On+the+related+problem+of+classifying+noun-modifier+relations%2C+LRA+achieves+similar+gains+over+the+VSM%2C+while+using+a+smaller+corpus.&rft.date=2004-12&rft.type=Departmental+Technical+Report&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F3981%2F1%2FNRC-47422.pdf&rft.identifier=++Turney%2C+Peter+D.++(2004)+Human-Level+Performance+on+Word+Analogy+Questions+by+Latent+Relational+Analysis.++%5BDepartmental+Technical+Report%5D++++(Unpublished)++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F3981%2F