?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Combining+independent+modules+to+solve+multiple-choice+synonym+and+analogy+problems%0A&rft.creator=Turney%2C+Peter&rft.creator=Littman%2C+Michael&rft.creator=Bigham%2C+Jeffrey&rft.creator=Shnayder%2C+Victor&rft.subject=Statistical+Models&rft.subject=Language&rft.subject=Computational+Linguistics&rft.subject=Semantics&rft.subject=Machine+Learning&rft.description=Existing+statistical+approaches+to+natural+language+problems+are+very+%0Acoarse+approximations+to+the+true+complexity+of+language+processing.%0AAs+such%2C+no+single+technique+will+be+best+for+all+problem+instances.+%0AMany+researchers+are+examining+ensemble+methods+that+combine+the%0Aoutput+of+successful%2C+separately+developed+modules+to+create+more+%0Aaccurate+solutions.+This+paper+examines+three+merging+rules+for+%0Acombining+probability+distributions%3A+the+well+known+mixture+rule%2C+the+%0Alogarithmic+rule%2C+and+a+novel+product+rule.+These+rules+were+applied+%0Awith+state-of-the-art+results+to+two+problems+commonly+used+to+assess+%0Ahuman+mastery+of+lexical+semantics+--+synonym+questions+and+analogy%0Aquestions.+All+three+merging+rules+result+in+ensembles+that+are+more+%0Aaccurate+than+any+of+their+component+modules.+The+differences+among+the%0Athree+rules+are+not+statistically+significant%2C+but+it+is+suggestive+%0Athat+the+popular+mixture+rule+is+not+the+best+rule+for+either+of+the+%0Atwo+problems.&rft.date=2003&rft.type=Conference+Paper&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F3163%2F1%2Franlp-03-final-version.pdf&rft.identifier=++Turney%2C+Peter+and+Littman%2C+Michael+and+Bigham%2C+Jeffrey+and+Shnayder%2C+Victor++(2003)+Combining+independent+modules+to+solve+multiple-choice+synonym+and+analogy+problems.++%5BConference+Paper%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F3163%2F