--- abstract: "Since at least the mid-70's there has been widespread agreement among cognitive science researchers that models of a problem-solving agent should incorporate its knowledge about the world and an inference procedure for interpreting this knowledge to construct plans and take actions. Research questions have focused on how knowledge is represented in computer programs and how such cognitive models can be verified in psychological experiments. We are now experiencing increasing confusion and misunderstanding as different critiques are leveled against this methodology and new jargon is introduced (e.g., \"not rules,\" \"ready-to-hand,\" \"background,\" \"situated,\" \"subsymbolic\"). Such divergent approaches put a premium on improving our understanding of past modeling methods, allowing us to more sharply contrast proposed alternatives. This paper compares and synthesizes new robotic research that is founded on the idea that knowledge does not consist of objective representations of the world. This research develops a new view of planning that distinguishes between a robot designer's ontological preconceptions, the dynamics of a robot's interaction with an environment, and an observer's descriptive theories of patterns in the robot's behavior. These frame-of-reference problems are illustrated here and unified by a new framework for describing cognitive models." altloc: [] chapter: ~ commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: 1989 conference: The Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society confloc: Ann Arbour contact_email: ~ creators_id: [] creators_name: - family: Clancey given: William J. honourific: '' lineage: '' date: 1989 date_type: published datestamp: 1998-06-01 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/02/96 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: ~ edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: [] editors_name: [] eprint_status: archive eprintid: 296 fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/text_html.png;/296/1/102.htm full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: pub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: 0 item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: 'frame of reference, cognitive modeling, robots, situated action, grammars, perception-action, situated cognition' lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:53:48 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: ~ number: ~ pagerange: 107-114 pubdom: FALSE publication: ~ publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates refereed: FALSE referencetext: ~ relation_type: [] relation_uri: [] reportno: ~ rev_number: 8 series: ~ source: ~ status_changed: 2007-09-12 16:26:24 subjects: - cog-psy - comp-sci-mach-dynam-sys - comp-sci-robot - phil-epist succeeds: ~ suggestions: ~ sword_depositor: ~ sword_slug: ~ thesistype: ~ title: The frame of reference problem in cognitive modeling type: confpaper userid: 26 volume: ~