?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Representations+of+knowing%3A+In+defense+of+cognitive+apprenticeship.&rft.creator=Clancey%2C+William+J.&rft.subject=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Robotics&rft.subject=Epistemology&rft.description=Sandberg+and+Wielinga+argue+in+their+paper%2C+%22Situated+Cognition%3A+A+paradigm+shift%3F%22+that+%22there+are+no+strong+reasons+to+leave+the+traditional+paradigm+of+cognitive+science+and+AI.%22+They+are+certainly+correct+that+we+should+not+%22disregard+evidence+and+achievements+of+Cognitive+and+Instructional+Sciences.%22+But+they+fail+to+appreciate+the+implications+of+the+storehouse+view+of+knowledge%2C+which+suggests+that+learning+is+like+putting+tools+in+a+shed.+Situated+cognition+arguments+against+traditional+views+of+learning+transfer+suggest+that+human+memory+does+not+consist+of+stored+facts+and+procedures.+Perhaps+because+of+the+difficulty+of+this+connection%C2%97and+imagining+what+the+alternative+could+be%C2%97Sandberg+and+Wielinga+also+misconstrue+cognitive+apprenticeship+(%22formal+education+should+not+just+be+replaced+by+'cognitive+apprenticeship'%22).+They+misunderstand+the+idea+of+effectively+relating+formalized+subject+material+to+everyday+practice%2C+believing+Collins+et+al.+to+be+against+the+teaching+of+theories+and+generalities+altogether%2C+when+in+fact+they+favor+AI+applications+to+education.+The+practical+implication+of+cognitive+apprenticeship+is+to+refocus+instructional+research+on+the+design+process+itself%3A+We+should+design+computer+systems+in+partnership+with+students%2C+teachers%2C+and+practitioners+in+the+context+of+use%2C+so+we+can+produce+programs+that+people+can+afford+and+want+to+use%2C+that+promote+creativity%2C+and+that+relate+in+an+honest%2C+pragmatic+way+to+everyday+life.&rft.date=1992&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F291%2F1%2F121.htm&rft.identifier=++Clancey%2C+William+J.++(1992)+Representations+of+knowing%3A+In+defense+of+cognitive+apprenticeship.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F291%2F