?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Grades+in+neural+complexity%3A+how+large+is+the+span%3F&rft.creator=Bullock%2C+TH&rft.subject=Neurophysiology&rft.description=The+span+of+complexity+in+brains%2C+between+the+simplest+flatworms+and+the+most+advanced+mammals+is+exceedingly+great%2C+measured+by+the+number+of+different+anatomical+parts%2C+physiological+processes%2C+sensory+discriminations%2C+and+behavioral+alternatives+in+the+repertoire.+Most+evolution+of+brains+has+been+adaptive+radiation+within+the+same+grade+of+complexity.+Distinct+grades+of+complexity+have+appeared+a+dozen+or+more+times+and+quite+often+in+the+retrograde+direction.+Advancement+has+not+been+inevitable+or+obviously+advantageous+in+survival+value+but+has+happened+-+long+before+primates+or+mammals+or+vertebrates.+Compare+cuttlefish+and+the+most+advanced+gastropods%2C+bees+and+the+best+brine+shrimp%2C+primates+and+the+most+advanced+reptiles+known+-+all+twigs+with+common+branches.+This+repeated+achievement+of+evolution+has+had+all+too+little+study+in+respect+of+the+detailed+listing+of+differences+between+major+taxa+of+distinct+grades+of+complexity.+++Connectivity+at+the+level+now+known+for+the+mammalian+cortex+is+much+needed+in+other+classes%2C+with+estimates+of+reciprocity%2C+intrinsic+differentiation%2C+dendritic+parcellation+and+afferent+and+efferent+connections%2C+both+locally+and+projecting+to+other+centers%2C+each+done+quantitatively+to+permit+comparison.+Physiological+system+organization%2C+personality+properties+of+neurons+and+circuits%2C+proclivities+and+emergent+phenomena+at+several+integrative+levels+are+sketchily+known+only+for+parts+of+a+few+systems.+Examples+are+given+of+opportunities+for+new+research+that+can+more+adequately+characterize+grades+of+brains.&rft.date=2002&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F2581%2F1%2Fanaheim_29May02.htm&rft.identifier=++Bullock%2C+TH++(2002)+Grades+in+neural+complexity%3A+how+large+is+the+span%3F++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D++++(In+Press)++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F2581%2F