?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Informational+Warfare&rft.creator=Hess%2C+Nicole+C.&rft.creator=Hagen%2C+Edward+H.&rft.subject=Sociobiology&rft.subject=Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.subject=Social+Psychology&rft.description=Recent+empirical+and+theoretical+work+suggests+that+reputation+was+an+important+mediator+of+access+to+resources+in+ancestral+human+environments.++Reputations+were+built+and+maintained+by+the+collection%2C+analysis%2C+and+dissemination+of+information+about+the+actions+and+capabilities+of+group+members-that+is%2C+by+gossiping.++Strategic+gossiping+would+have+been+an+excellent+strategy+for+manipulating+reputations+and+thereby+competing+effectively+for+resources+and+for+cooperative+relationships+with+group+members+who+could+best+provide+such+resources.++Coalitions+(cliques)+may+have+increased+members'+abilities+to+manipulate+reputations+by+gossiping.++Because%2C+over+evolutionary+time%2C+women+may+have+experienced+more+within-group+competition+than+men%2C+and+because+female+reputations+may+have+been+more+vulnerable+than+male+reputations+to+gossip%2C+gossiping+may+have+been+a+more+important+strategy+for+women+than+men.++Consequently%2C+women+may+have+evolved+specializations+for+gossiping+alone+and+in+coalitions.++We+develop+and+partially+test+this+theory.&rft.date=2002&rft.type=Preprint&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F2112%2F3%2Fgossip.pdf&rft.identifier=++Hess%2C+Nicole+C.+and+Hagen%2C+Edward+H.++(2002)+Informational+Warfare.++%5BPreprint%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F2112%2F