?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Distinguishing+kinds+of+prior+dominance+and+subordination+experiences+in+male+Green+swordtail+fish+(Xiphophorus+helleri).&rft.creator=Beaugrand%2C+Jacques+P.&rft.creator=Goulet%2C+Claude&rft.subject=Animal+Behavior&rft.subject=Ethology&rft.description=In+experiments%2C+there+are+usually++two+general+ways+of+obtaining+dominants+and+subordinates+to+test+for+the+effect+of+recent+experience+upon+ulterior+behaviour+and+dominance.+One+is+to+%C2%93impose%C2%94+such+an+experience+on+the+contestants++by+a+priori+deciding++which+individual+of+the+pair+will+become+the+dominant+and+which+will+become+the+subordinate+through+the+use+of+rigged+contests.+The+second+technique+is+to+let+contestants+++++%C2%93self-select%C2%94+the+winner+and+loser+by+waiting+for+the+spontaneous+outcome+of+dyadic+encounters+between+two+usually+well+matched+opponents.++These+two+techniques+of+obtaining+dominants+and+subordinates++probably+represent+extreme+cases+on+a+single+continuum+of+investment+made++by+animals+to+settle+dominance.+To+test+this%2C+we+compared+dominants+and+subordinates+obtained++from+these+two+techniques+in+Xiphophorus+fish+males.+It+was+found+that+pairs+obtained+through+rigged+contests+(R)++were++much+more+aggressive+in+subsequent+encounters++than++pairs+in+which++the+dominant+and+subordinate+could+self-select+(S).+They+recuperated+more+rapidly+from+handling%2C+initiated+contact+earlier%2C+took+more+time+to+assess+each+other%2C+and+fought+for+a+longer+period+of+time.+Prior-winners+and+prior-losers+of+the++R+condition+more+frequently+relied+on+aggressive+behaviour+during+contest+than+that+of+the++S+condition.+As+a+consequence%2C+prior-winners+and+prior-losers+of+the+R+condition+won+equally+the+subsequent+contest.+On+the+contrary%2C++prior-winners+of+the+S+condition+defeated+their+prior-loser+opponent+in+a+majority+of+cases.+These+results+can+be+tentatively+explained+by+the+following+principle%3A+winning+or+losing+against+a+well+matched+opponent+would+leave+more++%C2%93experience%C2%94+than+winning+over+a+much+weaker+opponent%2C+or+losing+to+a+much+stronger+one.+This+reinforces+the+hypothesis+that+prior-experiences+are+not+qualitative+states+but+come+in+various+degrees.+%0A&rft.publisher=Elsevier&rft.contributor=Zayan%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.contributor=Staddon%2C+JER&rft.date=2000&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1936%2F3%2Fbeaugrand-goulet-2000-kinds.pdf&rft.identifier=++Beaugrand%2C+Jacques+P.+and+Goulet%2C+Claude++(2000)+Distinguishing+kinds+of+prior+dominance+and+subordination+experiences+in+male+Green+swordtail+fish+(Xiphophorus+helleri).++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1936%2F