?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Differential+measures+of+'sustained+attention'+in+children+with+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+or+tic+disorders%3A+relations+to+monoamine+metabolism&rft.creator=Oades%2C+Robert+D.&rft.subject=Clinical+Psychology&rft.subject=Neurochemistry&rft.subject=Neuropsychiatry&rft.subject=Perceptual+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Psychobiology&rft.description=Introduction%3A+Controversy+exists+on+whether+the+constructs+related+to+sustained+attention+and+tested+by+paper%2Fpencil+tasks+and+computerized+continuous-performance-tests+(CPT)+are+similar%2C+and+whether+the+deficits+recorded+in+children+with+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+symptoms+(ADHD)+using+these+different+forms+of+testing+information+processing+are+comparable.+%0A%0AMethods%3A+Signal-detection+measures+(d-prime+and+beta-criterion)+and+type+of+error+were+recorded+on+four+such+tests+of+'sustained+attention'%2C+with+increasing+working-memory+requirements+(respond+to+'x'%2C+respond+to+'x'+only+after+'a')+in+healthy+children+(n+%3D+14%2C+mean+10+years+of+age)%2C+and+those+with+ADHD+(n+%3D+14%2C+mean+10+years+of+age)+or+a+tic+syndrome+(TS%2C+n+%3D+11%2C+mean+11+years+of+age).+Clinical+associations+were+sought+from+24h-urinary+measures+of+monoamine+activity+(parent+amines+and+metabolites)%2C+-+dopamine+(DA)%2C+HVA%2C+noradrenaline+(NA)%2C+MHPG%2C+serotonin+(5-HT)%2C+5-HIAA.+%0A%0AResults%3A+%0A+The+cancellation+paper%2Fpencil+test+revealed+no+group+differences+for+errors+or+signal+detection+measures.+In+contrast%2C+on+the+CPTx+ADHD+children+made+more+omission+and+commission+errors+than+controls%2C+but+TS+children+made+mostly+omissions.+This+reflected+the+poor+perceptual+sensitivity+(d-prime%2C+d')+for+ADHD+and+conservative+response+criteria+(beta)+for+TS+children.+%0AThis+group+difference+extended+to+the+CPT+ax+which+was+shown+on+a+regression+analysis+to+test+for+putative+working-memory-related+abilities+as+well+as+concentration.+In+all+children+immediate+response-feedback+(vs.+feedback+at+the+end+of+the+test)+reduced+omissions%2C+and+modestly+improved+d'.+CPT+ax+performance+related+negatively+to+dopamine+metabolism+in+controls+and+to+serotonin+metabolism+in+the+ADHD+group.+But+comparisons+between+the+metabolites+in+the+ADHD+group+suggest+that+increased+serotonin-+and+decreased+noradrenaline-+with+respect+to+dopamine-metabolism+may+detract+from+CPT+performance+in+terms+of+d-prime.+%0A%0AConclusions%3A+CPT+tasks+demonstrated+a+perceptual-based+impairment+in+ADHD+and+response+conservatism+in+TS+patients+independent+of+difficulty.+Catecholamine+activity+was+implicated+in+the+promotion+of+perceptual+processing+in+normal+and+ADHD+children%2C+but+serotonin+activity+may+contribute+to+poor+CPTax+performance+(emphasis+on+working-memory+function)+in+ADHD+patients.+%0A&rft.publisher=Elsevier&rft.date=2000&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1841%2F2%2Fadhd-psychiat-res-2000-art.pdf&rft.identifier=++Oades%2C+Robert+D.++(2000)+Differential+measures+of+'sustained+attention'+in+children+with+attention-deficit%2Fhyperactivity+or+tic+disorders%3A+relations+to+monoamine+metabolism.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1841%2F