?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Levels+of+Functional+Equivalence+in+Reverse+Bioengineering%3A+The+Darwinian+Turing+Test+for+Artificial+Life&rft.creator=Harnad%2C+Stevan&rft.subject=Evolution&rft.subject=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.subject=Robotics&rft.description=Both+Artificial+Life+and+Artificial+Mind+are+branches+of+what+Dennett+has+called+%22reverse+engineering%22%3A+Ordinary+engineering%0Aattempts+to+build+systems+to+meet+certain+functional+specifications%2C+reverse+bioengineering+attempts+to+understand+how+systems%0Athat+have+already+been+built+by+the+Blind+Watchmaker+work.+Computational+modelling+(virtual+life)+can+capture+the+formal%0Aprinciples+of+life%2C+perhaps+predict+and+explain+it+completely%2C+but+it+can+no+more+be+alive+than+a+virtual+forest+fire+can+be+hot.+In%0Aitself%2C+a+computational+model+is+just+an+ungrounded+symbol+system%3B+no+matter+how+closely+it+matches+the+properties+of+what+is%0Abeing+modelled%2C+it+matches+them+only+formally%2C+with+the+mediation+of+an+interpretation.+Synthetic+life+is+not+open+to+this+objection%2C%0Abut+it+is+still+an+open+question+how+close+a+functional+equivalence+is+needed+in+order+to+capture+life.+Close+enough+to+fool+the+Blind%0AWatchmaker+is+probably+close+enough%2C+but+would+that+require+molecular+indistinguishability%2C+and+if+so%2C+do+we+really+need+to+go%0Athat+far%3F+&rft.date=1994&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1591%2F1%2Fharnad94.artlife2.html&rft.identifier=++Harnad%2C+Stevan++(1994)+Levels+of+Functional+Equivalence+in+Reverse+Bioengineering%3A+The+Darwinian+Turing+Test+for+Artificial+Life.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1591%2F