--- abstract: |- "Symbol Grounding" is beginning to mean too many things to too many people. My own construal has always been simple: Cognition cannot be just computation, because computation is just the systematically interpretable manipulation of meaningless symbols, whereas the meanings of my thoughts don't depend on their interpretability or interpretation by someone else. On pain of infinite regress, then, symbol meanings must be grounded in something other than just their interpretability if they are to be candidates for what is going on in our heads. Neural nets may be one way to ground the names of concrete objects and events in the capacity to categorize them (by learning the invariants in their sensorimotor projections). These grounded elementary symbols could then be combined into symbol strings expressing propositions about more abstract categories. Grounding does not equal meaning, however, and does not solve any philosophical problems. altloc: - http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Papers/Harnad/harnad93.cogsci.html chapter: ~ commentary: ~ commref: ~ confdates: ~ conference: ~ confloc: ~ contact_email: ~ creators_id: [] creators_name: - family: Harnad given: Stevan honourific: '' lineage: '' date: 1993 date_type: published datestamp: 2001-06-18 department: ~ dir: disk0/00/00/15/88 edit_lock_since: ~ edit_lock_until: ~ edit_lock_user: ~ editors_id: [] editors_name: [] eprint_status: archive eprintid: 1588 fileinfo: /style/images/fileicons/text_html.png;/1588/1/harnad93.cogsci.html full_text_status: public importid: ~ institution: ~ isbn: ~ ispublished: pub issn: ~ item_issues_comment: [] item_issues_count: 0 item_issues_description: [] item_issues_id: [] item_issues_reported_by: [] item_issues_resolved_by: [] item_issues_status: [] item_issues_timestamp: [] item_issues_type: [] keywords: 'symbol grounding, neural nets, Turing test' lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:54:41 latitude: ~ longitude: ~ metadata_visibility: show note: ~ number: ~ pagerange: ~ pubdom: FALSE publication: ~ publisher: ~ refereed: FALSE referencetext: |-2 Dietrich, E. (1993) The Ubiquity of Computation. Think 2: 27-30. Christiansen, M. & Chater, N. (1992) Connectionism, Learning and Meaning. Connectionism 4: 227 - 252. Fodor, J. & Pylyshyn, Z. (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition 28: 3 - 71. Harnad, S. (1982) Metaphor and mental duality. In: Language, mind and brain" . (T. Simon & R. Scholes, eds., Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum), 189 - 211. Harnad, S. (1987) The induction and representation of categories. In: Harnad, S. (1987) (ed.) Categorical Perception: The Groundwork of Cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Harnad, S. (1989) Minds, Machines and Searle. Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Artificial Intelligence 1: 5-25. Harnad, S. (1990a) The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D 42: 335-346. Harnad, S. (1990b) Symbols and Nets: Cooperation vs. Competition. Review of: S. Pinker and J. Mehler (Eds.) (1988) "Connections and Symbols" Connection Science 2: 257-260. Harnad, S. (1991) Other bodies, Other minds: A machine incarnation of an old philosophical problem. Minds and Machines 1: 43-54. Harnad, S. (1992a) Connecting Object to Symbol in Modeling Cognition. In: A. Clarke and R. Lutz (Eds) Connectionism in Context. Springer Verlag. Harnad, S. (1992b) The Turing Test Is Not A Trick: Turing Indistinguishability Is A Scientific Criterion. SIGART Bulletin 3(4) (October) 9 - 10. Harnad, S. (1993a) Grounding Symbols in the Analog World with Neural Nets. Think 2: 12 - 78 (Special Issue on "Connectionism versus Symbolism" D.M.W. Powers & P.A. Flach, eds.). Harnad, S. (1993b) The Origin of Words: A Psychophysical Hypothesis In Durham, W & Velichkovsky B (Eds.) Muenster: Nodus Pub. Harnad, S. (1994) Computation is Just Interpretable Symbol Manipulation: Cognition Isn't. Minds and Machines (Special Issue on "What Is Computation?", forthcoming) Harnad, S., Hanson, S.J. & Lubin, J. (1991) Categorical Perception and the Evolution of Supervised Learning in Neural Nets. In: Working Papers of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Machine Learning of Natural Language and Ontology (DW Powers & L Reeker, Eds.) pp. 65-74. Presented at Symposium on Symbol Grounding: Problems and Practice, Stanford University, March 1991. Hayes, P., Harnad, S., Perlis, D. & Block, N. (1992) Virtual Symposium on Virtual Mind. Minds and Machines 2: 217-238. relation_type: [] relation_uri: [] reportno: ~ rev_number: 8 series: ~ source: ~ status_changed: 2007-09-12 16:38:51 subjects: - comp-sci-art-intel - comp-sci-mach-dynam-sys - comp-sci-neural-nets - percep-cog-psy - phil-mind succeeds: ~ suggestions: ~ sword_depositor: ~ sword_slug: ~ thesistype: ~ title: 'Symbol Grounding is an Empirical Problem: Neural Nets are Just a Candidate Component' type: other userid: 63 volume: ~