?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Comparing+methods+for+introducing+blind+and+visually+impaired+people+to+unfamiliar+urban+environments&rft.creator=Espinosa%2C+Maria+Angeles&rft.creator=Ungar%2C+Simon&rft.creator=Ochaita%2C+Esperanza&rft.creator=Blades%2C+Mark&rft.creator=Spencer%2C+Christopher&rft.subject=Applied+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Perceptual+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.description=This+paper+reports+two+experiments+which+compared+the+effectiveness+of+different+methods+for+introducing+blind+and+visually+impaired+people+to+the+spatial+layout+of+urban+environments.+In+Experiment+1%2C+30+blind+and+visually+impaired+adults+learned+a+long+and+complex+route+through+an+area+of+central+Madrid+(Spain)+either+by+direct+experience+or+by+a+combination+of+direct+experience+and+a+tactile+map+or+a+combination+of+direct+experience+and+a+verbal+description+of+the+area.+Performance+on+measures+of+practical+spatial+knowledge+and+of+representational+spatial+knowledge+was+significantly+better+in+participants+in+the+tactile+map+condition.+In+Experiment+2%2C+participants+learned+a+similar+route+in+an+area+of+Sheffield+(Britain)+using+either+just+a+tactile+map+of+by+direct+experience.+No+significant+difference+was+found+between+the+two+conditions+using+the+same+measures+as+in+Experiment+1.&rft.publisher=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1509%2F1%2Fwayfind.htm&rft.identifier=++Espinosa%2C+Maria+Angeles+and+Ungar%2C+Simon+and+Ochaita%2C+Esperanza+and+Blades%2C+Mark+and+Spencer%2C+Christopher++(1998)+Comparing+methods+for+introducing+blind+and+visually+impaired+people+to+unfamiliar+urban+environments.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1509%2F