?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=EFFECTS+OF+ASPIRATION+VERSUS+NEUROTOXIC+LESIONS+OF+THE+AMYGDALA+ON+EMOTIONAL+RESPONSES+IN+MONKEYS&rft.creator=Meunier%2C+Martine&rft.creator=Bachevalier%2C+Jocelyne&rft.creator=Murray%2C+Elisabeth+A.&rft.creator=M%C3%A1lkov%C3%A1%2C+Ludi%C2%9Ae&rft.creator=Mishkin%2C+Mortimer&rft.subject=Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.subject=Neuropsychology&rft.description=All+previous+reports+describing+alterations+in+emotional+reactivity+after+amygdala+damage+in+monkeys+were+based+on+aspiration+or+radiofrequency+lesions+which+likely+disrupted+fibers+of+passage+coursing+to+and+from+adjacent+ventral+and+medial+temporal+cortical+areas.+To+determine+whether+this+associated+indirect+damage+was+responsible+for+some+or+all+of+the+changes+described+earlier%2C+we+compared+the+changes+induced+by+aspiration+of+the+amygdala+to+those+induced+by+fiber-sparing+neurotoxic+lesions.+Four+different+stimuli%2C+two+with+and+two+without+a+social+component%2C+were+used+to+evaluate+the+expression+of+Defense%2C+Aggression%2C+Submission%2C+and+Approach+responses.+In+unoperated+controls%2C+Defense+and+Approach+behaviors+were+elicited+by+all+four+stimuli%2C+%22social%22+and+inanimate+alike%2C+whereas+Aggression+and+Submission+responses+occurred+only+in+the+presence+of+the+two+%22social%22+stimuli.+Furthermore%2C+all+Defense+reactions+were+reduced+with+an+attractive+inanimate+item%2C+while+Freezing+was+selectively+increased+with+an+aversive+one.+Relative+to+controls%2C+monkeys+with+neurotoxic+amygdala+lesions+showed+the+same+array+of+behavioral+changes+as+those+with+aspiration+lesions%2C+namely+reduced+fear+and+aggression%2C+increased+submission%2C+and+excessive+manual+and+oral+exploration.+Even+partial+neurotoxic+lesions+involving+less+than+two-thirds+of+the+amygdala+significantly+altered+fear+and+manual+exploration.+These+findings+convincingly+demonstrate+that+the+amygdala+is+crucial+for+the+normal+regulation+of+emotions+in+monkeys.+Nevertheless%2C+since+some+of+the+symptoms+observed+after+neurotoxic+lesions+were+less+marked+than+those+seen+after+aspiration+lesions%2C+the+emotional+disorders+described+earlier+after+amygdalectomy+in+monkeys+were+likely+exacerbated+by+the+attendant+fiber+damage.&rft.date=1999-12&rft.type=Journal+(Paginated)&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F134%2F3%2FEJN1999.pdf&rft.identifier=++Meunier%2C+Martine+and+Bachevalier%2C+Jocelyne+and+Murray%2C+Elisabeth+A.+and+M%C3%A1lkov%C3%A1%2C+Ludi%C2%9Ae+and+Mishkin%2C+Mortimer++(1999)+EFFECTS+OF+ASPIRATION+VERSUS+NEUROTOXIC+LESIONS+OF+THE+AMYGDALA+ON+EMOTIONAL+RESPONSES+IN+MONKEYS.++%5BJournal+(Paginated)%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F134%2F