creators_name: Preston, Stephanie D.
creators_name: de Waal, Frans B. M.
type: other
datestamp: 2000-10-19
lastmod: 2011-03-11 08:54:25
metadata_visibility: show
title: Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases
ispublished: unpub
subjects: behav-neuro-sci
subjects: bio-evo
subjects: comp-psy
full_text_status: public
keywords: emotion; perspective taking; emotional contagion; cognitive empathy; comparative; evolution; altruism; perception-action
abstract: The empathy literature is characterized by debate regarding the nature of the phenomenon. We propose a unified theory of empathy, divided into ultimate and proximate levels, grounded in the emotional link between individuals. On an ultimate level, emotional linkage supports group alarm, vicariousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators; these exist across species and greatly effect reproductive success. Proximately, emotional linkage arises from a direct mapping of another's behavioral state onto a subject's behavioral representations, which activate responses in the subject. This ultimate and proximate account parsimoniously explains different phylogenetic and ontogenetic levels of empathy.
date: 2000
date_type: published
refereed: FALSE
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citation:   Preston, Stephanie D. and de Waal, Frans B. M.  (2000) Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases.     (Unpublished)  
document_url: http://cogprints.org/1042/1/preston_de_waal.html