?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Empathy%3A+Its+ultimate+and+proximate+bases&rft.creator=Preston%2C+Stephanie+D.&rft.creator=de+Waal%2C+Frans+B.+M.&rft.subject=Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.subject=Evolution&rft.subject=Comparative+Psychology&rft.description=The+empathy+literature+is+characterized+by+debate+regarding+the+nature+of+the+phenomenon.+We+propose+a+unified+theory+of+empathy%2C+divided+into+ultimate+and+proximate+levels%2C+grounded+in+the+emotional+link+between+individuals.+On+an+ultimate+level%2C+emotional+linkage+supports+group+alarm%2C+vicariousness+of+emotions%2C+mother-infant+responsiveness%2C+and+the+modeling+of+competitors+and+predators%3B+these+exist+across+species+and+greatly+effect+reproductive+success.+Proximately%2C+emotional+linkage+arises+from+a+direct+mapping+of+another's+behavioral+state+onto+a+subject's+behavioral+representations%2C+which+activate+responses+in+the+subject.+This+ultimate+and+proximate+account+parsimoniously+explains+different+phylogenetic+and+ontogenetic+levels+of+empathy.&rft.date=2000&rft.type=Other&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text%2Fhtml&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1042%2F1%2Fpreston_de_waal.html&rft.identifier=++Preston%2C+Stephanie+D.+and+de+Waal%2C+Frans+B.+M.++(2000)+Empathy%3A+Its+ultimate+and+proximate+bases.+++++(Unpublished)++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1042%2F