?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=A+Precise+Measure+of+Working+Memory+Reveals+Subjects%0D%0ADifficulties+Managing+Limited+Capacity&rft.creator=Ershova%2C+Regina&rft.creator=Tarnow%2C+Eugen&rft.subject=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.subject=Neuropsychology&rft.description=Free+recall+consists+of+two+separate+stages%3A+the+emptying+of+working+memory+and+reactivation+%5B1%5D.+The+Tarnow+Unchunkable+Test+(TUT%2C+%5B2%5D)+uses+double+integer+items+to+separate+out+only+the+first+stage+by+making+it+difficult+to+reactivate+items+due+to+the+lack+of+intra-item+relationships.++%0D%0A193+Russian+college+students+were+tested+via+the+internet+version+of+the+TUT.++The+average+number+of+items+remembered+in+the+3+item+test+was+2.54+items.++In+the+4+item+test%2C+the+average+number+of+items+decreased+to+2.38.++This%2C+and+a+number+of+other+qualitative+distribution+differences+between+the+3+and+4+item+tests%2C+indicates+that+the+average+capacity+limit+of+working+memory+has+been+reached+at+3+items.++This+provides+the+first+direct+measurement+of+the+unchunkable+capacity+limit+of+language+based+items.%0D%0AThat+the+average+number+of+items+remembered+decreased+as+the+number+of+items+increased+from+3+to+4+indicates+that+most+subjects+were+unable+to+manage+their+working+memories+as+the+number+of+items+increased+just+beyond+the+average+capacity.++Further+evidence+for+the+difficulty+in+managing+the+capacity+limit+is+that+25%25+of+subjects+could+not+remember+any+items+correctly+at+least+in+one+of+three+4+item+tests+and+that+the+Pearson+correlation+between+the+3+item+and+4+item+subject+recalls+was+a+relatively+small+38%25.%0D%0AThis+failure+of+managing+a+basic+memory+resource+should+have+important+consequences+for+pedagogy+including+instruction%2C+text+book+design+and+test+design.++Because+working+memory+scores+are+important+for+academic+achievement%2C+it+also+suggests+that+an+individual+can+gain+academically+by+learning+how+to+manage+her+or+his+capacity+limit.%0D%0A&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft.type=Preprint&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F10088%2F1%2FWorkingMemoryManagement.pdf&rft.identifier=++Ershova%2C+Regina+and+Tarnow%2C+Eugen++(2016)+A+Precise+Measure+of+Working+Memory+Reveals+Subjects+Difficulties+Managing+Limited+Capacity.++%5BPreprint%5D+++++&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F10088%2F