Cogprints

Learning curve assessment of rule use provides evidence for spared implicit sequence learning in a mouse model of mental retardation

Bauchwitz, Dr. Robert (2009) Learning curve assessment of rule use provides evidence for spared implicit sequence learning in a mouse model of mental retardation. [Preprint]

Full text available as:

[img]
Preview
PDF (Cai et. al. 2007 modified-2009) - Submitted Version
419Kb
[img]
Preview
PDF (Figures Cai2009)
5Mb
[img]
Preview
PDF (Supplemental Information Cai2009) - Supplemental Material
9Mb

Abstract

Humans with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) have a mental retardation of which a notable characteristic is a weakness in recalling sequences of information. A mouse model of the disorder exists which exhibits behavioral and neurologic changes, but cognitive testing has not revealed learning deficits seemingly comparable in magnitude to that seen in the human condition. A working memory task for olfactory sequences was employed to test learning set acquisition in mice, half of which had a disruption of the gene responsible for FXS in humans. The task protected against reward detection artifact and demonstrated stringency-dependent task acquisition. A comparable image-based sequence learning set task was used to test humans. The performances of human subjects who did and did not report consciously acquiring the task rules were used as positive and negative controls to assess the mouse learning curves. Learning curve plateau error fluctuation for individual mice was comparable to that of human subjects who never acquired an explicit rule to perform the task, but different from those of human subjects who could state a rule to solve the problem. Sliding window error plots and nonparametric statistical analysis discriminated between the consciously rule-based human performances and that of the mice and humans who did not explicitly obtain the rule. Based on comparison to the human results, wild-type and FX mouse learning curves with a continuingly variable terminal plateau error rate in sliding epochs were classified as “implicit”. Although a moderately large difference in performance of the olfactory task was observed among mouse strains, there was no significant effect of FX genotype. The wild-type performance of the FX mice in this sequence task suggests that implicit learning may be relatively spared in FXS.

Item Type:Preprint
Additional Information:Text modification to Cai et. al., 2007: Comparative learning curve analysis: evidence for spared implicit learning in Fragile X mice
Keywords:Learning curve, learning set, sequence learning, serial learning, mental retardation, Fragile X syndrome, mouse models, explicit cognition, implicit cognition
Subjects:Psychology > Comparative Psychology
ID Code:6755
Deposited By: Bauchwitz, Robert
Deposited On:31 Dec 2009 14:58
Last Modified:11 Mar 2011 08:57

References in Article

Select the SEEK icon to attempt to find the referenced article. If it does not appear to be in cogprints you will be forwarded to the paracite service. Poorly formated references will probably not work.

Baddeley, A., 1998. Working memory. Comptes Rendus de l Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie 321, 167-173.

Bakker, C. E., Consortium, D.-B. F. X., 1994. Fmr1 knockout mice: a model to study fragile X mental retardation. Cell 78, 23-33.

Bernstein, D. A., Penner, L. A., Clarke-Stewart, A., Roy, E. j., 2003. Psychology. Houghton Mifflin.

33

Blumberg, B., Coppinger, R., 2005. Can Dogs Think? Natural History, 48-51. Cornish, K. M., Munir, F., Cross, G., 2001. Differential impact of the FMR-1 full

mutation on memory and attention functioning : a neuropsychological

perspective. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, 144-150. Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., Conway, A. R., 1999. Working memory,

short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128, 309-331. Foote, A. L., Crystal, J. D., 2007. Metacognition in the rat. Current Biology 17, 551-555. Fortin, N. J., Agster, K. L., Eichenbaum, H. B., 2002. Critical role of the hippocampus in

memory for sequences of events. Nature Neuroscience 5, 458-462. Gallistel, C. R., Fairhurst, S., Balsam, P., 2004. The learning curve: implications of a

quantitative analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the

United States of America 101, 13124-13131. Harlow, H. F., 1949. The formation of learning sets. Psychological Review 56, 51-65. Harlow, H. F., 1950. Analysis of discrimination learning by monkeys. . Journal of

Experimental Psychology 40, 26-39. Hodapp, R. M., Leckman, J. F., Dykens, E. M., Sparrow, S. S., Zelinsky, D. G., Ort, S. I.,

1992. K-ABC profiles in children with fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and nonspecific mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation 97, 39- 46.

Holyoak, K. J., Spellman, B. A., 1993. Thinking. Annual Review of Psychology. Vol 44, 265-315.

34

Katz, E., Rothschild, O., Herrera, A., Huang, S., A., W., Wojciechowski, Y., Gil, A., Yan, Q., Bauchwitz, R., 2003. Odor Based Behavioral Tasks Confounded by Distance Dependent Detection: Modfication of a Murine Digging Paradigm. CogPrints cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00003316.

Kellogg, R. T., Bourne, L. E., Jr., 1989. Nonanalytic-automatic abstraction of concepts. Sidowski, Joseph B, 89-111.

Kwon, H., Menon, V., Eliez, S., Warsofsky, I. S., White, C. D., Dyer-Friedman, J., Taylor, A. K., Glover, G. H., Reiss, A. L., 2001. Functional neuroanatomy of visuospatial working memory in fragile X syndrome: relation to behavioral and molecular measures. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1040-1051.

Levine, M., 1959. A model of hypothesis behavior in discrimination learning set. Psychological Review 66, 353-366.

Lewicki, P., Czyzewska, M., Hoffman, H., 1987. Unconscious acquisition of complex procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Vol 13(4) Oct 1987, 523-530.

Lewicki, P., Hill, T., Czyzewska, M., 1992. Nonconscious acquisition of information. American Psychologist 47, 796-801.

Maes, B., Fryns, J. P., Van Walleghem, M., Van den Berghe, H., 1994. Cognitive functioning and information processing of adult mentally retarded men with fragile-X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics 50, 190-200.

Milner, 2005. The Medial Temporal-Lobe Amnesic Syndrome. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 28, 599-611.

35

Moon, J., Beaudin, A. E., Verosky, S., Driscoll, L. L., Weiskopf, M., Levitsky, D. A., Crnic, L. S., Strupp, B. J., 2006. Attentional dysfunction, impulsivity, and resistance to change in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Behavioral Neuroscience 120, 1367-1379.

Munir, F., Cornish, K. M., Wilding, J., 2000. Nature of the working memory deficit in fragile-X syndrome. Brain and Cognition 44, 387-401.

Neal, A., Hesketh, B., 1997. Episodic knowledge and implicit learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Vol 4, 24-37.

Numminen, H., Service, E., Ahonen, T., Korhonen, T., Tolvanen, A., Patja, K., Ruoppila, I., 2000. Working memory structure and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 44 ( Pt 5), 579-590.

Perruchet, P., Pacteau, C., 1990. Synthetic grammar learning: Implicit rule abstraction or explicit fragmentary knowledge? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Vol 119, 264-275.

Reber, A. S., 1989a. Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118, 219-235.

Reber, A. S., 1989b. More thoughts on the unconscious: reply to Brody and to Lewicki and Hill.[comment]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118, 242-244.

Reber, A. S., 1990. On the primacy of the implicit: Comment on Perruchet and Pacteau. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Vol 119, 340-342.

Reber, A. S., 1992. The cognitive unconscious: An evolutionary perspective. Consciousness and Cognition 1, 93-133.

36

Reid, I. C., Morris, R. G., 1993. The enigma of olfactory learning. Trends in Neurosciences 16, 17-20.

Schacter, D. L., Chiu, C. Y., Ochsner, K. N., 1993. Implicit memory: a selective review. Annual Review of Neuroscience 16, 159-182.

Seger, C. A., 1994. Implicit learning. Psychological Bulletin 115, 163-196. Slotnick, B., Hanford, L., Hodos, W., 2000. Can rats acquire an olfactory learning set? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 26, 399-415.

Turk, J., 1998. Fragile X syndrome and attentional deficits. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. Vol 11, 175-191.

Willingham, D. B., Nissen, M. J., Bullemer, P., 1989. On the development of procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15, 1047-1060.

Wynne, C. D. L., 1998. A Natural History of Explicit Learning and Memory. In: Kirsner, K., Speelman, C., Maybery, M., O'Brien-Malone, A., Anderson, M., MacLeod, C., (Eds), Implicit and Explicit Mental Processes. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 255-269.

Wynne, C. D. L., 2004. The perils of anthropomorphism. Nature 428, 606. Yan, Q. J., Asafo-Adjei, P. K., Arnold, H. M., Brown, R. E., Bauchwitz, R. P., 2004. A

phenotypic and molecular characterization of the fmr1-tm1Cgr Fragile X mouse. Genes, Brain and Behavior 3, 337-359.

Artal, P., Herreros de Tejada, P., Munoz Tedo, C., Green, D. G., 1998. Retinal image quality in the rodent eye. Visual Neuroscience 15, 597-605.Bernstein, D. A., Penner, L. A., Clarke-Stewart, A., Roy, E. j., 2003. Psychology. Houghton Mif- flin.

Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Noll, D. C., 1997. A para- metric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. Neuroimage 5, 49-62.

Brown, A. L., 1974. The Role of Strategic Behavior in Retardate Memory. In: Ellis, N. R., (Ed), International Review of Research In Mental Retardation. Academic Press, pp. 55-111.

Butterfield, E. C., Wambold, C., 1973. On the theory and practice of improving short-term mem- ory. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 77, 654-659.

Conners, F. A., Carr, M. D., Willis, S., 1998. Is the phonological loop responsible for intelligence-related differences in forward digit span? American Journal of Mental Retar- dation 103, 1-11.

D'Esposito, M., Postle, B. R., Ballard, D., Lease, J., 1999. Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: an event-related fMRI study. Brain and Cognition 41, 66-86.

Das, J. P., Kirby, J., Jarman, R. F., 1979. Simultaneous and Successive Cognitive Processes. Aca- demic Press.

Dykens, E. M., Hodapp, R. M., Leckman, J. F., 1987. Strengths and weaknesses in the intellec- tual functioning of males with fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Mental Defi- ciency 92, 234-236.

Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T., 1993. Odor-guided learning and memory in rats: is it 'special'? Trends in Neurosciences 16, 22-24; discussion 25-26.Ellis, N. R., Deacon, J. R., Harris, L. A., Poor, A., Angers, D., Diorio, M. S., Watkins, R. S., Boyd, B. D., Cavalier, A. R., 1982. Learning, memory, and transfer in profoundly, se- verely, and moderately mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Defi- ciency 87, 186-196.

Fisch, G. S., Hao, H. K., Bakker, C., Oostra, B. A., 1999. Learning and memory in the FMR1 knockout mouse. American Journal of Medical Genetics 84, 277-282.

Grafton, S. T., Hazeltine, E., Ivry, R., 1995. Functional mapping of sequence learning in normal humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Vol 7, 497-510.

Harlow, H. F., 1949. The formation of learning sets. Psychological Review 56, 51-65. Harter, S., 1965. Discrimination learning set in children as a function of IQ and MA. Journal of

Experimental Child Psychology 2, 31-43. Hodapp, R. M., Leckman, J. F., Dykens, E. M., Sparrow, S. S., Zelinsky, D. G., Ort, S. I., 1992.

K-ABC profiles in children with fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and nonspecific

mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation 97, 39-46. Jennings, J. W., Keefer, L. H., 1969. Olfactory learning set in two varieties of domestic rat. Psy-

chological Reports 24, 3-15. Katz, E., Rothschild, O., Herrera, A., Huang, S., A., W., Wojciechowski, Y., Gil, A., Yan, Q.,

Bauchwitz, R., 2003. Odor Based Behavioral Tasks Confounded by Distance Dependent Detection: Modfication of a Murine Digging Paradigm. CogPrints cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00003316.Kaufman, M. E., Prehm, H. J., 1966. A Review of Research on Learning Sets and Transfer of Training in Mental Defectives. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation 2, 123-149.

Kemper, M. B., Hagerman, R. J., Altshul-Stark, D., 1988. Cognitive profiles of boys with the fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics 30, 191-200.

Larson, J., Kim, D., Patel, R. C., Floreani, C., 2008. Olfactory discrimination learning in mice lacking the fragile X mental retardation protein. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 90, 90-102.

Levine, A. S., Morley, J. E., 1982. Tail pinch-induced eating: Is it the tail or the pinch? Physiol- ogy and Behavior 28, 565-567.

Levine, M., 1959. A model of hypothesis behavior in discrimination learning set. Psychological Review 66, 353-366.

Macphail, E. M., 1982. Brain and Intelligence in Vertebrates. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Minsky, S. K., Spitz, H. H., Bessellieu, C. L., 1985. Maintenance and transfer of training by mentally retarded young adults on the Tower of Hanoi problem. American Journal of

Mental Deficiency 90, 190-197. Moon, J., Beaudin, A. E., Verosky, S., Driscoll, L. L., Weiskopf, M., Levitsky, D. A., Crnic, L. S.,

Strupp, B. J., 2006. Attentional dysfunction, impulsivity, and resistance to change in a

mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Behavioral Neuroscience 120, 1367-1379. Nigrosh, B. J., Slotnick, B. M., Nevin, J. A., 1975. Olfactory discrimination, reversal learning, and stimulus control in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89,

285-294.Paradee, W., Melikian, H. E., Rasmussen, D. L., Kenneson, A., Conn, P. J., Warren, S. T., 1999. Fragile X mouse: strain effects of knockout phenotype and evidence suggesting deficient amygdala function. Neuroscience 94, 185-192.

Reed, P., Richards, A., 1996. The von Restorff effect in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 110, 193-198.

Reid, I. C., Morris, R. G., 1993. The enigma of olfactory learning. Trends in Neurosciences 16, 17-20.

Slotnick, B., Hanford, L., Hodos, W., 2000. Can rats acquire an olfactory learning set? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 26, 399-415.

Slotnick, B. M., Katz, H. M., 1974. Olfactory learning-set formation in rats. Science 185, 796- 798.

Striedter, G. F., 2005. Principles of Brain Evolution. Sinauer Associates. Vakil, E., Shelef-Reshef, E., Levy-Shiff, R., 1997. Procedural and declarative memory processes:

individuals with and without mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation

102, 147-160. Warren, J. M., 1973. Learning in Vertebrates. In: Dewsbury, D. A., Rethlingshafer, D. A., (Eds),

Comparative psychology: a modern survey. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 471-509. Wischner, G. J., Braun, H. W., Patton, R. A., 1962. Acquisition and long-term retention of an

object-quality set by retarded children. [References]. Journal of Comparative and Physio- logical Psychology. Vol 55, 518-523.Yan, Q. J., Asafo-Adjei, P. K., Arnold, H. M., Brown, R. E., Bauchwitz, R. P., 2004. A pheno- typic and molecular characterization of the fmr1-tm1Cgr Fragile X mouse. Genes, Brain and Behavior 3, 337-359.

Metadata

Repository Staff Only: item control page