Cogprints

Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech: Theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence

Morin, Alain (2004) Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech: Theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. [Journal (Paginated)] (Unpublished)

This is the latest version of this item.

[img]
Preview
PDF
176Kb

Abstract

A neurocognitive and socioecological model of self-awareness has been recently proposed (Morin, 2003; 2004a). The model takes into account most known mechanisms and processes leading to self-awareness, and examines their multiple and complex interactions. Inner speech is postulated to play a key-role in this model, as it establishes important connections between many of its elements. This paper first reviews past and current mentions to a link between self-awareness and inner speech. It then presents an analysis of the nature of the relation between these two concepts. It is suggested that inner speech can internally reproduce and expand social and physical (ecological) sources of self-awareness. Inner speech can also create a psychological distance between the self and mental events it experiences—thus facilitating self-observation—; it can act as a problem-solving devise where the self represents the problem and self-information the solution, and can label aspects of one’s inner life that would otherwise be difficult to objectively perceive. Empirical evidence supporting the role of inner speech in self-awareness is also presented.

Item Type:Journal (Paginated)
Keywords:language, consciousness, inner speech, self-talk, self-awareness, self-concept
Subjects:Psychology > Psycholinguistics
Psychology > Cognitive Psychology
Psychology > Social Psychology
ID Code:3784
Deposited By:Morin, Alain
Deposited On:03 Sep 2004
Last Modified:19 Dec 2009 19:20

Available Versions of this Item

References in Article

Select the SEEK icon to attempt to find the referenced article. If it does not appear to be in cogprints you will be forwarded to the paracite service. Poorly formated references will probably not work.

Beazley, M.B., Glass, C.R., Chambless, D.L. and Arnkoff, D.B. (2001), ‘Cognitive self-statements in social phobias: A comparison across three types of social situations’, Cognitive therapy and Research, 25(6), 781-799.

Berger, E. and Schuch, B. (1981), ‘Entwicklungsneurologische Grundlagen des Ich-Bewusstseins’, [Developmental neurological basis of self-consciousness], Acta Paedopsychiatrica: International Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 253-9.

Blachowicz, J. (1999), ‘The dialogue of the soul with itself’, in Models of the self, ed. S. Gallagher and J. Shear (Imprint Academic: Exeter, UK).

Briscoe, G. (2002, June), ‘Language, inner speech, and consciousness’, Paper presented at the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, Barcelona, Spain.

Brown, J.W. (1976), ‘Consciousness and pathology of language’, In R.W. Rieber (Ed.), Neuropsychology of language - Essays in honor of Eric Lenneberg (London: Plenum Press).

Budwig, N. (2000), ‘Language and the Construction of Self: Developmental Reflections’, in Communication: An Arena of Development, ed. N. Budwig, I.C. Uzgiris and J.V. Wertsch (Stamford, Connecticut: Ablex).

Burnkrant, R.E. and Page Jr., T.J. (1984), ‘A modification to the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss Self-Consciousness Scales’, Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(6), 629-637.

Burnett, P.C. (1996), ‘Children’s self-talk and significant others’ positive and negative statements’, Educational Psychology, 16(1), 57-70.

Burns, T. and Engdahl, E. (1998a), ‘The social construction of consciousness Part 1: Collective consciousness and its socio-cultural foundations’, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 5(1), 67-85.

Burns, T. and Engdahl, E. (1998b), ‘The social construction of consciousness Part 2: Individual selves, self-awareness, and reflectivity’, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 5(2), 166-184.

Buss, A.H. (1980), Self-consciousness and social anxiety (San Franscisco: Freeman).

Carruthers, Peter (1996), Language, Thought and Consciousness: an essay in philosophical psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Carruthers, Peter (1998), ‘Conscious thinking: language or elimination?’, Mind and language,13(4), 323-342.

Carruthers, Peter (2002), ‘The cognitive functions of language’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(6), 657-674.

Carver, C.S. (2002), ‘Self-awareness’, in Handbook of self and identity, ed. M.R. Leary and J.P. Tangney (New York: Guilford Press).

Carver, C.S. and Glass, D.C. (1976), ‘The self-consciousness scale: A discriminant validity study’, Journal of Personality Assessment, 40, 169-172.

Carver, C.S. and Scheier, M.F. (1978), ‘Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 324-332.

Chiesa, C. (1991, June), ‘Le problème du langage intérieur dans la philosophie antique de Platon à Prophyre’ [The problem of inner speech in philosophy from Plato to Prophyre], Paper presented at the conference Opération mentales et théories linguistiques (Paris, France).

Cole, J. (1999), ‘On “being faceless”: Selfhood and facial embodiment’, in Models of the self, ed. S. Gallagher and J. Shear (Imprint Academic: Exeter, UK).

Conway, M.A., Turk, D.J., Miller, S.L., Logan, J., Nebes, R.D., Meltzer, C.C. and Becker, J.T. (1999), ‘A positron emission tomography (PET) atudy of autobiographical memory retrieval’, Memory, 7(5/6), 679-702.

Conway, M.A., Pleydell-Pearce, C.W. and Whitecross, S.E. (2001), ‘The neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: A slow cortical potential study of autobiographical memory retrieval’, Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 493-524.

Cooley, C.H. (1902), Human nature and the social order (New York: Scribners).

Craik, F., Moroz, T., Moscovitch, M., Stuss, D., Winocur, G., Tulving, E. and Kapur, S. (1999), ‘In search of the self: A positron emission tomography study’, Psychological Science, 10, 26-34.

Davies, B. and Harre, R. (1997), ‘Positioning: The discursive production of selves’, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 20, 43-63.

Dennett, D.C. (1991), Consciousness explained (Boston: Little Brown).

DeWitt, J. (1975), ‘Consciousness, mind and self: The implications of split-brain studies’, British Journal of the Philosophy of Sciences, 26, 41-7.

Diener, E. (1979), ‘Deindividuation, self-awareness and desinhibition’, Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 107-111.

Diener, E., Lush, R., DeFour, D. and Flax, R. (1980), ‘Deindividuation: Effects of group size, density, number of observers, and group member similarity on self-consciousness and disinhibited behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 449-459.

Duncan, R.M. and Cheyne, J.A. (1999), ‘Incidence and functions of self-reported private speech in young adults: A self-verbalization questionnaire’, Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31(2), 133-136.

Duval, S. and Wicklund, R.A. (1972), A theory of objective self awareness (New York: Academic Press).

Eichstaedt, D., Leippe, M.R. and Rivers, J.A, ‘(2002). Asymmetry and defense in self-comparison: Differential reactions to feedback about the rejected and ideal selves’, Self and Identity, 1(4), 289-311.

Fenigstein, A, Scheier, M.F. and Buss, A.H. (1975), ‘Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 1241-1250.

Fields, C. (2002), ‘Why do we talk to ourselves?’ Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 14, 225-272.

Flanagan, O. (1992), Consciousness Reconsidered (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts).

Flavell, J.H. (1966), ‘Le langage privé [Private language]’, Bulletin de Psychologie, 19, 698-701.

Frith, U. and Happe, F. (1999), ‘Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic?’ Mind and Language, 14(1), 1-22.

Gallagher, S. (2000), ‘Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 14-21.

Gallagher, S. (2003), ‘Self-narrative in schizophrenia’, in The Self in Neuroscience and Psychiatry, ed. T. Kircher and A. David (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).

Gallagher, H.L. and Frith, C.D. (2003), ‘Functional imaging of “theory of mind”', Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), 77-83.

Gallup, G.G., Jr., Anderson, J.L. and Shillito, D.P. (2002), ‘The mirror test’, in The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition, ed. M. Bekoff, C. Allen and G.M. Burghardt (University of Chicago Press).

Garfield, J.L., Peterson, C.C. and Perry, T. (2001), ‘Social cognition, language acquisition and the development of the theory of mind’, Mind and Language, 16(5), 494-541.

Gazzaniga, M.S. (1970), The bisected brain (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts).

Gazzaniga, M.S. and Sperry, R.W. (1962), ‘Language after section of the cerebral commissures’, Brain, 90, 131-148.

Gusnard, D.A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G.L. and Raichle, M.E. (2001), ‘Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain fonction’, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98(7), 4259-4264.

Harris, K.R. (1990), ‘Developing self-regulated learners: The role of private speech and self-instructions’, Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 35-49.

Jaynes, J. (1986), ‘Consciousness and the voices of the mind’, Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 27(2), 128-139.

Johnson, S.C., Baxter, L.C., Wilder, L.S., Pipe, J.G, Heiserman, J.E. and Prigatano, G.P. (2002), ‘Neural correlates of self-reflection’, Brain, 125(8), 1808-1814.

Johnstone, H.W. (1970), The problem of the self (Pennsylvania: State University Press).

Joireman, J. (2004), ‘Empathy and the self-absorption paradox II : Self-rumination and self-reflection as mediators between shame, guilt, and empathy’, Self and Identity, 3(3), 225-238.

Kaufman, G. and Raphael, L. (1984), ‘Relating to the self: Changing inner dialogue’, Psychological Reports, 54, 239-250.

Keenan, J.P., Falk, D. and Gallup, G.G., Jr. (2003), The face in the mirror: The Search for the origins of consciousness (Haper Collins Publishers).

Keenan, J.P., Nelson, A., O’Connor, M. and Pascual-Leone, A. (2001), ‘Self-recognition and the right hemisphere’, Nature, 409, 305.

Kelley, W.M., Macrae, C.N., Wyland, C.L., Caglar, S., Inati, S. and Heatherton, T.F. (2002), ‘Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study’, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 14(5),785-794.

Kendall, P.C. and Hollon, S.D. (1981), ‘Assessing self-referent speech: Methods in measurement of self-statements’, in Assessment strategies for cognitive-behavioral interventions, ed. P.C. Kendall and S.D. Hollon (New York: Academic Press).

Kinsbourne, M. (2000), ‘Inner speech and the inner life’, Brain and Language, 71, 120-3.

Kircher, T.T.J., Senior C., Bullmore E., Benson P.J., Simmons A., Bartels M. and David A.S. (2000), ‘Towards a functional anatomy of self-processing: effects of faces and words’, Cognitive Brain Research, 10, 133-144.

Kircher, T.T.J., Brammer, M.J., Simmons A., Bartels M. and David A.S. (2002), ‘The neural correlates of intentional and incidental self processing’, Neuropsychologia, 40, 683-692.

Kjaer, T.W., Nowak, M. and Lou, H.C. (2002), ‘Reflective self-awareness and conscious states: PET evidence for a common midline parietofrontal core’, NeuroImage, 17, 1080-6.

Larsen, S.F., Schrauf, R.W., Fromhold, P. and Rubin, D.C. (2002), ‘Inner speech and bilingual autobiographical memory: A Polish-Danish cross-cultural study’, Memory, 10(1), 45-54.

Leary, M.R. and Tangney, J.P. (2002), ‘The self as an organizing construct in the social and behavioral sciences’, in Handbook of self and identity, ed. M.R. Leary and J.P. Tangney (New York: Guilford Press).

Levine, D.N., Calvanio, R. and Popovics, A. (1982), ‘Language in the absence of inner speech’, Neuropsychologia, 20, 391-409.

Lodge, J., Tripp, G. and Harte, D.K. (2000), ‘Think-aloud, thought-listing, and video-mediated recall procedures in the assessment of children’s self-talk’, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(4), 399-418.

Luria, A.R. (1978). Les fonctions corticales supérieures de l'homme [Superior cortial functions in man] (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France).

Manson, N.C. (2002), ‘What does language tell us about consciousness? First-person mental discourse and higher-order thought theories of consciousness’, Philosophical Psychology, 15(3), 221-238.

McCrone, J. (1994, January), ‘Inner voices, distant memories’, New Scientist, 28-31.

McCrone, J. (1999), Going Inside—A Tour Round a Single Moment of Consciousness (London, England: Faber and Faber).

McGuire, P.K., Silbersweig, D.A., Wright, I., Murray, R.M., Frackowiak, R.S.J. and Frith, C.D. (1996), ‘The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: Relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 169(2), 148-159.

McGuire, P.K., Silbersweig, D.A., Murray, R.M. David, A.S., Frackowiak, R.S.J. and Frith, C.D. (1996), ‘Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery’, Psychological Medecine, 26, 29-38.

Meacham, J.A. (1976), ‘The role of verbal activity in remembering the goals of actions’, in The development of self-regulation through private speech, ed. G. Zivin (New York: Wiley).

Mead, G.H. (1934), Mind, self, and society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Mead, G.H. (1912/1964), ‘The mechanism of social consciousness’, in Selected writings: George Herbert Mead, ed. A.J. Reck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Mead, G.H. (1982), ‘Consciousness, mind, the self, and scientific objects’, in The individual and the social self [Unpublished work of George Herbert Mead], ed. D.L. Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Miller, L. (1991), ‘Toward a neuropsychodynamic model of ego autonomy and personality’, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 19(2), 213-234.

Mischel, W. and Morf, C.C. (2002), ‘The self as a psycho-social dynamic processing system: A meta-perspective on a century of the self in psychology’, in Handbook of self and identity, ed. M.R. Leary and J.P. Tangney (New York: Guilford Press).

Mitchell, R.W. (2002), ‘Subjectivity and self-recognition in animals’, in Handbook of self and identity, ed. M.R. Leary and J.P. Tangney (New York: Guilford Press).

Morin, A. (1992), ‘Une exploration théorique et empirique de l'existence d'une relation entre la conscience de soi et le dialogue intérieur’ [A theoretical and empirical exploration of the existence of a relation between self-awareness and self-talk], unpublished doctoral dissertation, École de Psychologie, Laval University.

Morin, A. (1993), ‘Self-talk and self-awareness: On the nature of the relation’, The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 14, 223-234.

Morin, A. (1995a), ‘Preliminary data on a relation between self-talk and complexity of the self-concept’, Psychological Reports, 76, 267-272.

Morin, A. (1995b), ‘Characteristics of an effective internal dialogue in the acquisition of self-information’, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 15(1), 45-58.

Morin, A. (2001), ‘The Split-Brain debate revisited: On the importance of language and self-recognition for right hemispheric consciousness’, Journal of Mind and Behavior, 22(2), 107-118.

Morin, A. (2002), ‘Right hemispheric self-awareness: A critical assessment’, Consciousness and Cognition, 11(3), 396-401.

Morin, A. (2003, June), ‘A neuro-socio-cognitive model of self-awareness’, poster presented at the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (Memphis, Tennessee).

Morin, A. (2004a), ‘A neurocognitive and socioecological model of self-awareness’, paper submitted for publication.

Morin, A. (2004b), ‘Levels of consciousness and self-awareness: A comparison and integration of various views’, paper submitted for publication.

Morin, A. and DeBlois, S. (1989), ‘Gallup's mirrors: More than an operationalization of self-awareness in primates?’, Psychological Reports, 65, 287-291.

Morin, A. and Joshi, P. (1990), ‘Dialogue intérieur et formation du concept de soi’ [Internal dialogue and formation of the self-concept], Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 7/8, 73-86.

Morin, A. and Everett, J. (1990), ‘Inner speech as a mediator of self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge: An hypothesis’, New Ideas in Psychology, 8(3), 337-356.

Morin, A., Everett, J., Turcotte, I. and Tardif, G. (1993), ‘Le dialogue intérieur comme médiateur cognitif de la conscience de soi privée: Une mesure de l'activité consistant à se parler à soi-même à propos de soi et une étude corrélationnelle’ [Self-talk as a mediator of private self-consciousness: A measure of the activity to talk to oneself about oneself and a correlational study], La Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 14, 3-19.

Moss, C.V. (1972), Recovery with aphasia (Illinois: University of Illinois Press).

Natsoulas, T. (1991), ‘Consciousness and commissurotomy: III. Toward the improvement of alternative conceptions’, The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 12, 1-32.

Nurius, P.S. and Majerus, D. (1988), ‘Rethinking the self in self-talk: A theoretical note and case example’, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6(3-4), 335-345.

Ojemann, G. (1986), ‘Brain mechanisms for consciousness and conscious experience’, Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 27(2), 158-168.

Phillips, J. (2003), ‘Schizophrenia and the narrative self’, in The Self in Neuroscience and Psychiatry, ed. T.Kircher and A. David (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).

Popper, K.R. and Eccles, J.C. (1977), The self and its brain: An argument for interactionism (Berlin: Springer International).

Rimé, B. and LeBon, C. (1984), ‘Le concept de conscience de soi et ses opérationnalisations’ [The concept of self-consciousness and its operationalizations], L'Année Psychologique, 84, 535-55.

Rivest, C. and Khawaja, S. (1995), ‘Dialogue intérieur et conscience de soi’ [Internal dialogue and self-consciousness], unpublished manuscript, Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.

Robert, P. (1973), Le Petit Robert: Dictionnaire Alphabétique et analogique de la langue francaise [Le Petit Robert: French Alphabetic and analogic dictionary] (Paris: Société du Nouveau Littré).

Roberts, R.N. (1979), ‘Private speech in academic problem-solving: A naturalistic perspective’, in The development of self-regulation through private speech, ed. G. Zivin (New York: Wiley).

Salzen, E.A. (1998), ‘Emotion and self-awareness’, Applied animal Behaviour Science, 57, 299-313.

Schooler, J.W. (2002), ‘Re-representing consciousness: Dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(8), 339-344.

Schneider, J.F. (2002), ‘Relations among self-talk, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge’, Psychological Reports, 91, 807-812.

Schneider, J.F., Pospeschill, M. and Ranger, J. (2003), ‘Self-consciousness as a mediator between self-talk and self-knowledge’, manuscript submitted for publication.

Sedikides, C. and Gregg, A.P. (2004), ‘Portraits of the self’, in Sage handbook of social psychology, ed. M. A. Hogg and J. Cooper (London: Sage Publications).

Shotter, J. (1997), ‘The social construction of our “inner” lives’, Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 10, 7-24.

Shergill, S.S., Brammer, M.J., Fukuda, R., Bullmore, E., Amaro Jr., E., Murray, R.M. and McGuire, P.K. (2002), ‘Modulation of activity in temporal cortex during generation of inner speech’, Human Brain Mapping, 16, 219-227.

Siegrist, M. (1995), ‘Inner speech as a cognitive process mediating self-consciouness and inhibiting self-deception’, Psychological Reports, 76, 259-265.

Silvia, P.J. and Duval, T.S. (2001), ‘Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems’, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 230-241.

Simonov, P.V. (1999), ‘The bright spot of consciousness’, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 69(5), 378-85.

Sokolov, A.N. (1972), Inner speech and thought (New York: Plenum Press).

Stamenov, M. (2003), ‘Language and Self-consciousness: Modes of self-presentation in language structure’, in The Self in Neuroscience and Psychiatry, ed. T.Kircher and A. David (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).

Steels, L. (2003), ‘Language re-entrance and the “inner voice”’, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(4-5), 173-185.

Stuss, D.T., Picton, T.W. and Alexander, M.P. (2001), ‘Consciousness, self-awareness and the frontal lobes’, in The frontal lobes and neuropsychiatric illness, ed. S.Salloway, P. Malloy and J. Duffy, (Washington: American Psychiatric Press).

Stuss, D.T., Gallup, G.G., Jr. and Alexander, M.P. (2001), ‘The frontal lobes are necessary for “theory of mind”’, Brain, 124, 279-286.

Trapnell, P.D. and Campbell, J.D. (1999), ‘Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304.

Turk, D.J., Heatherton, T.F., Kelley, W.M., Funnell, M.G., Gazzaniga, M.S. and Macrea, C.N. (2002), ‘Mike or me? Self-recognition in a split-brain patient’, Nature Neuroscience, 5, 841-842.

Turk, D.J., Heatherton, T.F., Macrae, C.N., Kelley,W.M. and Gazzaniga, M.S. (2003), ‘Out of Contact, Out of Mind: The Distributed Nature of the Self’, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1001, 1–14.

Verstichel, P., Bourak, C.; Font, V. and Crochet, G. (1997), ‘Langage intérieur après lésion cérébrale gauche: Etude de la représentation phonologique des mots chez des patients aphasiques et non aphasiques’ [Inner speech and left brain damage: Study of the phonological analysis of words in aphasic and non-aphasic patients], Revue de Neuropsychologie, 7(3), 281-311.

Vygotsky, L.S. (1962), Thought and language (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).

Weiskrantz, L. (1997), Consciousness lost and found: A neurophysiological exploration (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Wiley, N. (2004), ‘Movies and inner speech’, in preparation.

Zelazo, P.D. (2004), ‘The development of conscious control in childhood’, Trends in Cognitives Sciences, 8, 12-7.

Zivin, G. (1979), ‘Removing common confusions about egocentric speech, private speech, and self-regulation’, in The development of self-regulation through private speech, ed. G. Zivin (New York: Wiley).

Metadata

Repository Staff Only: item control page