Cogprints
Login | Create Account

A neuro-socio-cognitive model of self-awareness with an emphasis on inner speech

Morin, Alain (2003) A neuro-socio-cognitive model of self-awareness with an emphasis on inner speech. [Preprint]

WarningThere is a more recent version of this item available.

[img]
Preview
PDF
148Kb

Abstract

While past research has mainly focused on the effects and consequences of self-awareness, a more basic issue pertaining to the specific mechanisms underlying self-attention has been neglected. In this article I present a model of self-awareness that proposes the existence of three sources of self-information. The social milieu includes self-relevant feedback (reflected appraisals), a social comparison mechanism leading to perspective taking, and the presence of other persons observing the self. The physical environment contains self-focusing/reflecting stimuli such as mirrors and video cameras. The self can reflect upon itself with double sensory stimulation, imagery, and inner speech; furthermore, self-awareness is mediated by the prefrontal lobes. The crucial importance of inner speech is emphasized by reviewing past mentions to a relation between self-talk and self-awareness and by examining key connections it establishes between different parts of the model. Empirical evidence supporting the role of inner speech in self-reflection is also presented.

Item Type:Preprint
Keywords:Self-awareness; inner-speech; model; prefrontal lobes; imagery; social feedback; double sensory stimulation; self-focusing stimuli.
Subjects:Neuroscience > Neuropsychology
Neuroscience > Brain Imaging
Psychology > Psycholinguistics
Psychology > Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience > Behavioral Neuroscience
Psychology > Social Psychology
ID Code:2832
Deposited By:Morin, Alain
Deposited On:17 Mar 2003
Last Modified:19 Dec 2009 19:19

Available Versions of this Item

References in Article

Select the SEEK icon to attempt to find the referenced article. If it does not appear to be in cogprints you will be forwarded to the paracite service. Poorly formated references will probably not work.

Astington, J.W., & Jenkins, J.M. (1999). A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory of mind development. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1311-1320.

Atkinson, A.P., Thomas, S.C., & Cleeremans, A. (2000). Consciousness: mapping the theoretical landscape. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4 (10), 372-382.

Berger, E., & Schuch, B. (1981). Entwicklungsneurologische Grundlagen des Ich-Bewusstseins. [Developmental neurological basis of self-consciousness.] Acta Paedopsychiatrica: International Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47 (5), 253-259.

Blachowicz, J. (1999). The dialogue of the soul with itself. In S. Gallagher & J. Shear (Eds.), Models of the self (pp. 177-200). Imprint Academic: Exeter, UK.

Briscoe, G. (2002, June). Language, inner speech, and consciousness. Paper presented at the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, Barcelona, Spain.

Brown, J.W. (1976). Consciousness and pathology of language. In R.W. Rieber (Ed.), Neuropsychology of language - Essays in honor of Eric Lenneberg (pp. 72-93). London: Plenum Press.

Budwig, N. (2000). Language and the Construction of Self: Developmental Reflections. In N. Budwig, I.C. Uzgiris & J.V. Wertsch (Eds.), Communication: An Arena of Development (pp. 195-214). Stamford, Connecticut: Ablex.

Burnkrant, R.E., & Page Jr., T.J. (1984). A modification to the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss Self-Consciousness Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48 (6), 629-637.

Burns, T., & Engdahl, E. (1998a). The social construction of consciousness Part 1: Collective consciousness and its socio-cultural foundations. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 5 (1), 67-85.

Burns, T., & Engdahl, E. (1998b). The social construction of consciousness Part 2: Individual selves, self-awareness, and reflectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 5 (2), 166-184.

Buss, A.H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Franscisco: Freeman.

Carruthers, Peter (1996). Language, Thought and Consciousness: an essay in philosophical psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Carruthers, Peter (1998). Conscious thinking: language or elimination? Mind and language,13 (4), 323-342.

Carver, C.S., & Glass, D.C. (1976). The self-consciousness scale: A discriminant validity study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 40, 169-172.

Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1978). Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 324-332.

Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control -theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Cole, J. (1999). On “being faceless”: Selfhood and facial embodiment. In S. Gallagher & J. Shear (Eds.), Models of the self (pp. 301-318). Imprint Academic: Exeter, UK.

Cooley, C.H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribners.

Craik, F., Moroz, T., Moscovitch, M., Stuss, D., Winocur, G., Tulving, E., & Kapur, S. (1999). In search of the self: A positron emission tomography study. Psychological Science, 10, 26-34.

Crick, F., & Koch, C. (2003). A framework for consciousness. Nature Neuroscience, 6 (2), 119-126.

Davies, B., & Harre, R. (1997). Positioning: The Discursive Production of Selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 20, 43-63.

Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little Brown.

DeWitt, J. (1975). Consciousness, mind and self: The implications of split-brain studies. British Journal of the Philosophy of Sciences, 26, 41-47.

Diener, E. (1979). Deindividuation, self-awareness and desinhibition. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 107-111.

Diener, E., & Wallbom, M. (1976). Effects of self-awareness on antinormative behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 197-111.

Diener, E., Lush, R., DeFour, D., & Flax, R. (1980). Deindividuation: Effects of group size, density, number of observers, and group member similarity on self-consciousness and disinhibited behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (3), 449-459.

Duval, S., & Wicklund, R.A. (1972). A theory of objective self awareness. New York: Academic Press.

Eichstaedt, D., Leippe, M.R., & Rivers, J.A. (2002). Asymmetry and defense in self-comparison: Differential reactions to feedback about the rejected and ideal selves. Self and Identity, 1 (4), 289-311.

Eichstaedt, J. & Silvia, P.J. Noticing the self: Implicit assessment of self-focused attention using word recognition latencies. In press.

Fenigstein, A, Scheier, M.F., & Buss, A.H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 1241-1250.

Flanagan, O. (1992). Consciousness Reconsidered. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Flavell, J.H. (1966). Le langage privé [Private language]. Bulletin de Psychologie, 19, 698-701.

Fletcher, C., & Baldry, C. (2000). A study of individual differences and self-awareness in the context of multi-source feedback. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 303-319.

Frith, C.D. (1987). The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect impairment of the perception and initiation of action. Psychological Medecine, 17, 631-648.

Frith, U., & Happe, F. (1999). Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind and Language, 14 (1), 1-22.

Gallagher, S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4 (1), 14-21.

Gallup, G.G., Jr. (1985). Do mind exist in species other than our own? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 9, 631–641.

Gallup, G.G., Jr. (1998, November). Can animals emphathize? Yes [29 paragraphs]. Scientific American (Feature article—Animal self-awareness: A debate). http://www.sciam.com/1998/1198intelligence/1198debate.html

Gazzaniga, M.S. (1985). The social brain: Discovering the networks of the mind. Basic Books: New York.

Ingram, R.E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107 (2), 156-176.

Jaynes, J. (1986). Consciousness and the voices of the mind. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 27 (2), 128-139.

Johnson, S.C., Baxter, L.C., Wilder, L.S., Pipe, J.G, Heiserman, J.E., & Prigatano, G.P. (2002). Neural correlates of self-reflection. Brain, 125 (8), 1808-1814.

Johnstone, H.W. (1970). The problem of the self. Pennsylvania: State University Press.

Kaufman, G., & Raphael, L. (1984). Relating to the self: Changing inner dialogue. Psychological Reports, 54, 239-250.

Keenan, J.P., Nelson, A., O’Connor, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2001). Self-recognition and the right hemisphere. Nature, 409, 305.

Kendall, P.C., & Hollon, S.D. (1981). Assessing self-referent speech: Methods in measurement of self-statements. In P.C. Kendall & S.D. Hollon (Eds.), Assessment strategies for cognitive-behavioral interventions (pp. 85-118). New York: Academic Press.

Kinsbourne, M. (2000). Inner speech and the inner life. Brain and Language, 71, 120-123.

Kjaer, T.W., Nowak, M., & Lou, H.C. (2002). Reflective self-awareness and conscious states: PET evidence for a common midline parietofrontal core. NeuroImage, 17, 1080-1086.

Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I.A. (2003). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (Fifth Edition), Bedford, Freeman & Worth: New York.

Leary, M.R., & Tangney, J.P. (2002). The self as an organizing construct in the social and behavioral sciences. In M.R. Leary & J.P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 3-15). New York: Guilford Press.

L'Ecuyer, R. (1975). Genèse du concept de soi [Development of the self-concept]. Naaman: Sherbrooke.

Luria, A.R. (1978). Les fonctions corticales supérieures de l'homme [Superior cortial functions in man]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

MacKay (1979). The game of internalizing others. In J.M. Davidson & R.J. Davidson (Eds.), The psychobiology of consciousness (pp. 231-243). New York: Plenum Press.

Marlova, I. (1990). The development of self-consciousness: Baldwin, Mead, and Vygotsky. In J.E Faulconer & R.N. Williams (Eds.), Reconsidering Psychology: Perspectives from Continental Philosophy (pp. 151-174). Duquesne University Press: Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.

McCall, G.J. (1977). The social looking-glass: A sociological perspective on self-development. In T. Mischel (Ed.), The Self: Psychological and Philosophical Issues (pp. 17-29). Great Britain: Basil Blackwell.

McGuire, P.K., Silbersweig, D.A., Wright, I., & Murray, R.M., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Frith, C.D. (1996). The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: Relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169 (2), 148-159.

McGuire, P.K., Silbersweig, D.A., & Murray, R.M. David, A.S., Frackowiak, R.S.J., & Frith, C.D. (1996). Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medecine, 26, 29-38

Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mead, G.H. (1912/1964). The mechanism of social consciousness. In A.J. Reck (Ed.), Selected writings: George Herbert Mead (pp. 134-149). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mead, G.H. (1982). Consciousness, mind, the self, and scientific objects. In D.L. Miller (Ed.), The individual and the social self (pp. 176-196) [Unpublished work of George Herbert Mead]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Meltzer, B.N. (1991). Mead on mental imagery: A complement to Count-Van Manen's views. Journal of Mental Imagery, 15 (1/2), 17-20.

Miller, L. (1991). Toward a neuropsychodynamic model of ego autonomy and personality. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 19 (2), 213-234.

Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (4), 638-662.

Morin, A. (1992). Une exploration théorique et empirique de l'existence d'une relation entre la conscience de soi et le dialogue intérieur [A theoretical and empirical exploration of the existence of a relation between self-awareness and self-talk]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, École de Psychologie, Laval University.

Morin, A. (1993). Self-talk and self-awareness: On the nature of the relation. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 14, 223-234.

Morin, A. (1995a). Preliminary data on a relation between self-talk and complexity of the self-concept. Psychological Reports, 76, 267-272.

Morin, A. (1995b). Characteristics of an effective internal dialogue in the acquisition of self-information. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 15 (1), 45-58.

Morin, A. (1998, August). Imagery and self-awareness: A theoretical note. Theory and Review in Psychology [on-line journal]. http://www.gemstate.net/susan/

Morin, A. (2001). The Split-Brain debate revisited: On the importance of language and self-recognition for right hemispheric consciousness. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 22 (2), 107-118.

Morin, A. (2002). Right hemispheric self-awareness: A critical assessment. Consciousness and Cognition, 11 (3), 396-401.

Morin, A., & DeBlois, S. (1989). Gallup's mirrors: More than an operationalization of self-awareness in primates? Psychological Reports, 65, 287-291.

Morin, A., & Joshi, P. (1990). Dialogue intérieur et formation du concept de soi [Internal dialogue and formation of the self-concept]. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 7/8, 73-86.

Morin, A., & Everett, J. (1990). Inner speech as a mediator of self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge: An hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, 8 (3), 337-356.

Morin, A., Everett, J., Turcotte, I., & Tardif, G. (1993). Le dialogue intérieur comme médiateur cognitif de la conscience de soi privée: Une mesure de l'activité consistant à se parler à soi-même à propos de soi et une étude corrélationnelle [Self-talk as a mediator of private self-consciousness: A measure of the activity to talk to oneself about oneself and a correlational study]. La Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 14, 3-19.

Morris, P.E., & Hampson, P.J. (1983). Imagery and consciousness. New York: Academic Press.

Moss, C.V. (1972). Recovery with aphasia. Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

Mutalik, P. (2003, February). Crick & Koch's: A new "Framework for Consciousness". Science and Consciousness Review, 1 [online journal].

Natsoulas, T. (1985). George Herbert Mead's conception of consciousness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 15 (1), 60-76.

Natsoulas, T. (1991). Consciousness and commissurotomy: III. Toward the improvement of alternative conceptions. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 12, 1-32.

Nurius, P.S., & Majerus, D. (1988). Rethinking the self in self-talk: A theoretical note and case example. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6 (3-4), 335-345.

Ojemann, G. (1986). Brain mechanisms for consciousness and conscious experience. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 27 (2), 158-168.

Olowu, A.A. (1984). Breaking the mirror taboo in Nigeria in aid of early self-awareness. Early Child Development and Care, 18, 133-137.

Ownsworth, T.L., McFarland, K., & Young, R.McD. (2002). The investigation of factors underlying deficits in self-awareness and self-regulation. Brain Injury, 16 (4), 291-309.

Piaget, J. (1923/1926). The language and thought of the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Popper, K.R., & Eccles, J.C. (1977). The self and its brain: An argument for interactionism. Berlin: Springer International.

Povinelli, D.J. (1998, November). Can animals emphathize? Maybe not [30 paragraphs]. Scientific American (Feature article—Animal self-awareness: A debate).

http://www.sciam.com/1998/1198intelligence/1198debate.html

Prinz, J. (2002, June). Consciousness, Attention, and Reportability. Paper presented at the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, Barcelona, Spain.

Rimé, B., & LeBon, C. (1984). Le concept de conscience de soi et ses opérationnalisations [The concept of self-consciousness and its operationalizations]. L'Année Psychologique, 84, 535-55.

Rivest, C., & Khawaja, S. (1995). Dialogue intérieur et conscience de soi [Internal dialogue and self-consciousness]. Unpublished manuscript, Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.

Robert, P. (1973). Le Petit Robert: Dictionnaire Alphabétique et analogique de la langue francaise [Le Petit Robert: French Alphabetic and analogic dictionary]. Paris: Société du Nouveau Littré.

Rosenthal, D.M. (2002). How many kinds of consciousness? Consciousness and Cognition, 11, 653-665.

Saint-Paul, C. (1927) Le "je" et les volontés de l'homme : La fonction miroir [The « me » and human intentionality : The mirror function]. Progres Medical, 10, 866-874.

Schaller, M. (1997). The psychological consequences of fame: Three tests of the self-consciousness hypothesis. Journal of Personality, 65 (2), 291-309.

Schooler, J.W. (2002). Re-representing consciousness: Dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (8), 339-344.

Schneider, J.F. (2002). Relations among self-talk, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge. Psychological Reports, 91, 807-812.

Shotter, J. (1997). The social construction of our “inner” lives. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 10, 7-24.

Siegrist, M. (1995). Inner speech as a cognitive process mediating self-consciouness and inhibiting self-deception. Psychological Reports, 76, 259-265.

Silvia, P.J., & Duval, T.S. (2001). Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 230-241.

Simonov, P.V. (1999). The bright spot of consciousness. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 69 (5), 378-85.

Sokolov, A.N. (1972). Inner speech and thought. New York: Plenum Press.

Stuss, D.T., & Alexander, M.P. (2000). Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A conceptual view. Psychological Research, 63, 289-298.

Stuss, D.T., Picton, T.W., & Alexander, M.P. (2001). Consciousness, self-awareness and the frontal lobes. In Salloway, S., Malloy, P., & Duffy, J. (Eds.), The frontal lobes and neuropsychiatric illness (pp 101-109). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press.

Stuss, D.T., Gallup, G.G., Jr., & Alexander, M.P. (2001). The frontal lobes are necessary for “theory of mind”. Brain, 124, 279-286.

Trapnell, P.D., & Campbell, J.D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 (2), 284-304.

Turner, R.G., Scheier, M.S., Carver, C.S., & Ickes, W. (1978). Correlates of self-consciousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 285-289.

Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Herrmann, S., Happe, F., Falkai, P., Maier, W., Shah, N.J., Fink, G.R., & Zilles, K. (2001). Mind reading: Neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective. NeuroImage, 14, 170-181.

Vogeley, K., & Fink, G.R. (2003). Neural correlates for first-person perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (1), 38-42.

Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Wallon, H. (1931). Comment se développe, chez l'enfant, la notion du corps propre [How children develop the notion of one’s own body]. Journal de Psychologie, 28, 706-748.

Weiskrantz, L. (1997). Consciousness lost and found: A neurophysiological exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wheeler, M.A., Stuss, D.T., & Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobe and autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 331-354.

Zahavi, D. (2002). First-person thoughts and embodied self-awareness: Some reflections on the relation between recent analytical philosophy and phenomenology. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 1, 7-26.

Zivin, G. (1979). Removing common confusions about egocentric speech, private speech, and self-regulation. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of self-regulation through private speech (pp. 3-19). New York: Wiley.

Metadata

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Cogprints is powered by EPrints 3 which is developed by the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. More information and software credits.