http://amsci-forum.amsci.org/archives/september98-forum.html 

The main participants in the exchange were Stevan Harnad of the University of Southampton and Hal Varian, of the University of California, Berkeley, with Bob Parks of Washington University providing an additional comment toward the end. 

The origins of the discussion lie with a thesis Harnad has expounded in a number of recent publications. Put very quickly, Harnad maintains that academics working in the esoteric fields of scientific and scholarly research journal publication do not produce their written work with a view to selling it; they merely wish to have it read and used by their peers. This being the case, Harnad makes the 'subversive proposal' that such scholars, in addition to submitting their work to journals for peer review and publication, should self-archive it publicly on the Web -- both the preprint and the peer-reviewed, published final draft.

'For centuries, it was only out of reluctant necessity that authors of esoteric publications entered into the Faustian bargain of allowing a price-tag to be erected as a barrier between their work and its (tiny) intended readership, for that was the only way they could make their work public at all during the age when paper publication (and its substantial real expenses) was the only option. But today there is another way, and that is PUBLIC FTP [now WWW].'

The public archiving of the research literature would have a number of extremely significant consequences, Harnad contends. Perhaps most important, it would free this give-away research literature for all scholars and scientists the world over. As a recent article in the Times Higher Educational Supplement has explained, author self-archiving can legally get round any copyright restrictions in the following manner:

First the author publicly archives a preprint of the paper on the web. Then they submit the paper to a refereed journal. The author makes amendments in light of referees' and editors' comments, then signs the publisher's copyright agreement 

The author then posts a note onto the web pre-print, pointing out where areas of correction might need to be made, in effect turning the pre-print into a version of the draft refereed paper. 
(Patel, K. (2000) 'Team Finds Way Round Copyright', The Times Higher Education Supplement (February 12): 12)

Putting everything on-line in this way would thus make access to academic research freely available to everyone, twenty-four hours a day, everywhere, forever. 

The exchange between Harnad and Varian included here focuses on the problematic issue - crucial to Harnad's thesis - of the extent to which academic authors are prepared to give their work away by making it freely available, without charge, on the Net. Although the exchange has been edited slightly  to make the discussion easier to follow, it seemed appropriate, given the subject matter, to retain it in its original quote/comment form. Harnad begins by emphasising 11 of his argument's main points, and by providing addresses for the various locations on the Net where the relevant publications can be found. 

For more on electronic academic publishing, see Tenopir, C. & King, D.W. (2000) Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians and Publishers. Special Libraries Association (SLA) Publishing - soon to be according online multiple book review in Psycoloquy
< http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy>

HARNAD:
 

(1) I am speaking ONLY about refereed journal articles, not books or magazines. 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/THES/thes.html

(2) The authors of this research literature, which is unlike all other literature, write their papers solely to report their ideas and findings, not to make money from the sale of their texts. All they want is to reach the eyes and minds of a maximum number of fellow researchers, present and future, once their findings have passed peer review. 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/nature2.html

(3) They accordingly give their papers away for free as preprints to their publishers, and, after peer review, they give away the final, refereed, published drafts for free as reprints to all requesters. 

http://amsci-forum.amsci.org/archives/september98-forum.html

(4) Online self-archiving now makes it possible for authors of this special kind to give away their refereed reprints to one and all forever on the broadest possible scale. 

http://www.arl.org/scomm/subversive/toc.html

(5) Publishers should in no way to attempt to prevent free self-archiving by such authors by trying to forbid it through restrictive copyright agreements, deigned for the NON-giveaway literature. This is the eye of the storm. See: 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/science.html
http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Papers/Harnad/harnad00.scinejm.htm

(6) The American Physical Society has already provided a model copyright policy: Authors may self-archive both the unrefereed pre-print and the refereed reprint for free for all. The Publisher retains all rights to SELL either the paper or online version of the journal. 

http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/help/copyright.html

(7) The effect of online author self-archiving will be a transition of the reader/user community to the free online versions. 

http://xxx.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/show_monthly_submissionshttp://xxx.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/show_weekly_graph

(8) Eventually this will produce subscription cancellation pressure (although it has not done so yet in Physics, where it is most advanced). If/when it does, my prediction is that publishers will have to restructure and down-size so as to provide only the service of quality control and certification (QC/C) [peer review, editing, tagging as accepted by Journal X]. 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/nature.html

(9) The much reduced cost of providing solely this service will be recoverable from author-institution publication charges, which will in turn be recoverable from institutional savings from cancelling Subscription/Site-License/Pay-Per-View (S/L/P). 

http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december99/12harnad.html

(10) The critical difference is that reader-institution-end payment (S/L/P) is access-blocking, whereas author-institution-end payment is not. But as long as author self-archiving rights are guaranteed (5,6), the market can decide whether or not S/L/P can survive alongside it (and how long). 

(11) The infrastructure for self-archiving is emerging as we speak, led by Los Alamos, soon to be followed by E-biomed, and then all the other disciplines. 

http://www.openarchives.org/
http://www.nih.gov/welcome/director/ebiomed/ebiomed.htm
http://library.caltech.edu/publications/ScholarsForum/
http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/
http://www.eprints.org/index.html

The self-archiving initiative in this very special subdomain of literature -- the give-away refereed research literature -- is unstoppable, because ethics, pragmatics, and logic, as well as the inherent interests of research itself and hence of all of society, are all behind it. Its progress can only be slowed temporarily by playing on confusions and uncertainties in people's minds, simply because it is all so new and they have not yet thought it through. It would be to publishers' long-term advantage to try instead to see ahead, and restructure accordingly, rather than to try to hold the literature hostage to the status quo. They must come to terms with what is in the best interests of research and researchers in the new online world, and must design a new niche for themselves in the PostGutenberg Galaxy. 

A tide-over consortial subsidy out of windfall S/L/P savings to smooth the transition from reader-institution-end cost-recovery via S/L/P to author-institution-end cost-recovery via quality-control/certification charges would be worth planning out with the library-institution and research-funding community in advance. 

Stevan Harnad

VARIAN:

Harnad: 
(2) The authors of this research literature, unlike all other literature, write their papers solely to report their ideas and findings, not to make money from the sale of their texts. All they want is to reach the eyes and minds of a maximum number of fellow researchers, present and future, once their findings have passed peer review.

By way of evidence, let me point you towards the US Dept of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook, writers and editors section, where it is asserted that the average starting salary for writers and editorial assistants in 1996 was $21,000.  Writers with more than 5 years of experience make more than 'more than $30,000'.  These are not substantial sums for highly educated workers!  Freelance writers earn much, much less on average than professional authors; they can't be in it for the money. 

However, I don't think that this claim has any impact on the rest of your argument.  After all, all you need to assert is that academic authors aren't in it for the money---whether other authors are or not is irrelevant to your claims.  It does suggest that if the rest of your argument is right it will apply more broadly than just to academic authors. 

Hal Varian 

HARNAD:
 

Varian: 
...I would claim that most authors write to present their ideas and visions, not to make money... ...only a very, very small fraction of trade authors make money from their writing.  I conjecture that their motivation is more often glory or recognition, just like academics.... Freelance writers earn much, much less on average than professional authors; they can't be in it for the money.

Whereas refereed journal article authors do not have the slightest desire to deter a single pair of potential eye-balls for their findings on the off-chance there might be gate-receipts to be made! They never have, and they never will. There is a profound and significant divide here, despite the statistics on the earnings and success of the average trade author. 

Varian:
...if the rest of your argument is right it will apply more broadly than just to academic authors.

Stevan Harnad

VARIAN:
 

Harnad: 
Eppur, eppur ... And yet I doubt that they would want to lock themselves into giving it away for life! To start with, by way of promo, perhaps, but forever?  Is that really what you think? (Where there's life, there's hope!)

Harnad:
Whereas refereed journal article authors do not have the slightest desire to deter a single pair of potential eye-balls for their findings on the off-chance there might be gate-receipts to be made! They never have, and they never will. There is a profound and significant divide here, despite the statistics on the earnings and success of the average trade author.

Furthermore, even academic authors make money from their publications, albeit indirectly.  If you regress earnings on publications and citations you find a large and significant coefficient on refereed journal publications and citations.  Academic authors who publish more are paid more, and part of the motivation for academic publishing is the prospect of academic advancement and higher salaries. 

Harnad:
Online self-archiving may be a means for authors to launch their trade, but I doubt you'll find many for whom it's an end in itself (apart from the ones who were only destined for a Vanity Press anyway) ...

The point of my note is that motivations are not as far apart as you claim: there is an (indirect) financial motivation in publication for academic authors and there is a large component of desire to communicate in trade authors.  There is certainly a difference in the economic model in the two industries, but the divide in the motivations of the authors is not as 'profound and significant' as you claim. 

But again, I don't think this point makes much difference for the rest of your argument. 

Hal Varian

HARNAD:

Varian: 
Undoubtedly, [trade authors] would be happy to be paid for writing, but academic authors would be happy to be paid for their writing too.

Varian:
No author wants to deter eyeballs, even trade authors.

Varian:
If academic authors were sufficiently compensated for deterring eyeballs, I expect many would be happy to do so. If a referred journal offered you payment for an article, would you turn it down?  (Several refereed journals in business and medicine do pay for articles, by the way.)

But no peer reviewed journal could (or would) afford to make it worth an author's while anyway. 

Here's a test: How much would (should) the author of a refereed journal article accept to SELL his self-archiving rights to his publisher? 

(My guess: a lot more than any publisher could ever afford to offer! This is not an exoteric, big-market literature we're talking about! It's esoteric, and that's the point!) 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/THES/thes.html

Varian:
Furthermore, even academic authors make money from their publications, albeit indirectly.  If you regress earnings on publications and citations you find a large and significant coefficient on refereed journal publications and citations.  Academic authors who publish more are paid more, and part of the motivation for academic publishing is the prospect of academic advancement and higher salaries.

On the contrary, if you properly regressed THOSE on earnings, you would find that they REDUCE impact and hence earnings! (The unavoidable deterrent effect of any price-tag.) 

This is a completely spurious, non-causal correlation, and the simple act of self-archiving shows it to be so. (Have the 100,000 authors who have self-archived in Los Alamos reduced or enhanced their impacts and incomes?) 

http://xxx.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/show_monthly_submissions

Varian:
The point of my note is that motivations are not as far apart as you claim: there is an (indirect) financial motivation in publication for academic authors and there is a large component of desire to communicate in trade authors.  There is certainly a difference in the economic model in the two industries, but the divide in the motivations of the authors is not as 'profound and significant' as you claim.

But again, I don't think this point makes much difference for the rest of your argument.

The reason stressing the similarities between the trade and non-trade literatures here is misleading is that the self-archiving model I have been advocating for refereed journal papers is decidedly NOT the right model for the rest of the literature, and conflating the two simply blurs the critical insight at the core of all this. 

But this can be settled empirically: Let a line be drawn in Cyberspace, and let those who are interested in giving away their products (whatever they are) as freebies in perpetuo step to the left of it (say), and let those who are not step to the right. 

The entire refereed journal authorship will be on the left. Perhaps some others will be too. Let's wait and see who. I'm predicting that most book and magazine authors will not (and note that I said 'in perpetuo', not in 'pro-tem promo'!). 

In any case, that is the literature I am dedicated to freeing (from its hostage-hood to the trade model and S/L/P) -- not every product of the human mind! 

Stevan Harnad

VARIAN:

Harnad:
Varian:
No author wants to deter eyeballs, even trade authors.
You might as well say no producer of any product wants to deter greater consumption of their product (it's just that they would like to get paid for it!).

Harnad:
I'm afraid I have to disagree again: It would require a MONSTROUSLY large amount of money to make a research author trade off his potential impact on research for the impact on his pocketbook. (And many scientists and scholars, still recalling why they chose the leaner path of Learned Inquiry rather than heading straight for the junk-bond market in the first place, would decline even that!)

Harnad:
Correct, but TOTALLY irrelevant! The author is not being paid out of the access-blocking toll-gate receipts from the sale of his papers by S/L/P!

Harnad:
'(2) The authors of this research literature, unlike all other literature, write their papers solely to report their ideas and findings, not to make money from the sale of their texts. All they want is to reach the eyes and minds of a maximum number of fellow researchers, present and future, once their findings have passed peer review.'

Harnad:
This is a completely spurious, non-causal correlation, and the simple act of self-archiving shows it to be so. (Have the 100,000 authors who have self-archived in Los Alamos reduced or enhanced their impacts and incomes?)

Harnad:
I'm afraid I have to disagree; I do think it makes a great difference. The similarities between the two populations [refereed-journal-article vs. trade authors] are partial, superficial and, in the present context, misleading. The deep differences are in the means/ends: For most trade authors, self-archiving their work free for all is only a temporary means to an end (hopeful, eventual compensation); for (most?) refereed journal authors it IS the end (widest possible access to their findings for peer eyes/mind, present and future).

Suppose you offered publication to trade authors with minimal financial compensation. Don't you think a lot of people would take you up on this? I submit the answer is yes since very little trade publication is compensated to any great degree even now.  In fact, it could easily be the case that the average academic author makes more from publishing a book (via the impact on promotion and salary) than the average trade author makes from publishing a  book (via royalties). 

Harnad:
The reason stressing the similarities between the trade and non-trade literatures here is misleading is that the self-archiving model I have been advocating for refereed journal papers is decidedly NOT the right model for the rest of the literature, and conflating the two simply blurs the critical insight at the core of all this.

Harnad
But this can be settled empirically: Let a line be drawn in Cyberspace, and let those who are interested in giving away their products (whatever they are) as freebies in perpetuo step to the left of it (say), and let those who are not step to the right.

The entire refereed journal authorship will be on the left. Perhaps some others will be too. Let's see wait and see who. I'm predicting that most book and magazine authors will not (and note that I said 'in perpetuo', not in 'pro-tem promo'!).

Harnad:
In any case, that is the literature I am dedicated to freeing (from its hostage-hood to the trade model and S/L/P) -- not every product of the human mind!

The real difference between the economics of academic and trade publishing is not due to having an entirely different set of motivations as you claim, but rather in the nature of the academic research process. Academic articles are both an input to research and an output of research, which is rather different from trade publications.  (Compare citation patterns in the two literatures.) 

Because the literature is both an inputs and an output, up until the last decade or so, it made sense for researchers to pay an intermediary to organize the selection, beautification, production, and distribution of academic research.  But now that the costs of beautification, production and distribution have declined so dramatically, the role of the intermediary has been dramatically changed, and it may make sense for authors to take on much more of the intermediary's role.  But the primary reason for this is due to the change in technology and the associated change in costs---it isn't due primarily to the difference in motivations, as you assert. 

Hal Varian

HARNAD:

Varian:
Harnad:
It would require a MONSTROUSLY large amount of money to make a research author trade off his potential impact on research for the impact on his pocketbook.
The evidence contradicts you.  Many academics choose to devote part of their time to writing textbooks, trade books, consulting and other such compensated pursuits.  They could be spending this time doing academic research. It appears that they are choosing to trade off some research output and recognition for some financial gains.

(It would have been absurd of me to suggest that the authors of refereed journal articles don't care about making money at all: It's just that they don't want to make money by selling THOSE articles.) 

Varian:
Harnad:
The author is not being paid out of the access-blocking toll-gate receipts from the sale of his papers by S/L/P!
That's true enough, but that wasn't your original assertion.  Your original claim was:
Harnad:
'(2) The authors of this research literature, unlike all other literature, write their papers solely to report their ideas and findings, not to make money from the sale of their texts. All they want is to reach the eyes and minds of a maximum number of fellow researchers, present and future, once their findings have passed peer review.' 

Varian:
I asserted that this statement is not entirely true: part of the motivation of academic authors is economic, due to the relationship between rank, publication, and salary. I agree that academics would prefer to make more money without reducing the number of readers, but this is trivial and obvious: the same is true of non-academic authors.

Varian:
Harnad:
This is a completely spurious, non-causal correlation, and the simple act of self-archiving shows it to be so. (Have the 100,000 authors who have self-archived in Los Alamos reduced or enhanced their impacts and incomes?)
Increased them, I would claim, since by increasing their visibility they have, indirectly, enhanced their income.

And self-archiving (i.e., making those texts available for free for all) enhances their visibility, hence (if you wish) the author's income. Now is the dissociation (and even opposition) between the two incomes clear? This is not the case when the income to the AUTHOR comes from the sale of the text. 

The conclusion is that in the case of the refereed journal literature only, the author has an interest in there being NO INCOME (to anyone) from sale of his texts, because income means price-tags means access-blockage. Free access is also in the interest of the author's institution, which likewise gains kudos (and grant income) from the impact of his research (not to mention their savings from S/L/P cancellations!) 

So with refereed journals it makes sense (and with books it does not) that costs should be paid for at the author-institution end (yielding free access for all) rather than the reader-institution end (blocking access, impact, income). 

I don't think that the DISanalogy could be any more complete than this. 

Varian:

Suppose you cut all linkages between compensation and publication and had a rigid formula between years-on-the job and academic salary.  Don't you think that academic publication rates would go down? (As they do in countries with such rigid academic compensation systems.)

Varian:
Suppose you offered publication to trade authors with minimal financial compensation. Don't you think a lot of people would take you up on this? I submit the answer is yes since very little trade publication is compensated to any great degree even now.  In fact, it could easily be the case that the average academic author makes more from publishing a book (via the impact on promotion and salary) than the average trade author makes from publishing a  book (via royalties).

But that happens to be the very subset of the non-journal literature that I have always said fits the give-away formula too! It is in no way representative of the book market, however, being at least as esoteric as, and even more minoritarian than, the refereed journal literature itself. 

And your hypothetical situation above simply amounts to speculating about what it would be like if more books were more like journals in this way for academic authors: But one gets out of such a hypothesis exactly what one puts into it: If more books did fit the esoteric, give-away formula, then they too would fall on the left of that figurative line in Cyberspace I invoked in the prior posting (quoted again  below)! 

And if your point was only that online self-archiving will make it possible to publish more no- or low-market esoteric monographs online than has been possible in paper, that is certainly true too. (It is an interesting empirical question what proportion of current scholarly monographs would have voluntarily gone the royalty-renunciation route in exchange for the enhanced reach! I don't doubt it would be a non-negligible number.) 

Varian:
Harnad:
The reason stressing the similarities between the trade and non-trade literatures here is misleading is that the self-archiving model I have been advocating for refereed journal papers is decidedly NOT the right model for the rest of the literature, and conflating the two simply blurs the critical insight at the core of all this.
I guess I don't know what 'right' means here.  If you mean "economically sustainable" I would argue that self-archiving is sustainable in both environments, since the cost of self-archiving is so low.

Most people (authors, publishers, readers, economists) think of texts as products that authors, jointly with their publishers, SELL to the readers (or reader-institutions). It is this reader/consumer intuition that prevents them from seeing that this reader-end market is the wrong one for refereed journal articles, which authors have always wanted to give away, but have been prevented from doing by the economics of paper. 

These economics change in the online medium, radically, for these anomalous authors. Their institutions (which paid the costs anyway already, at the reader-institution end) can now pay much lower costs at the author-institution end, freeing this literature at last.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december99/12harnad.html

But this author-end market does NOT generalize to most books, which will continue to be bought and sold on the old, trade model. To blur this crucial distinction in either direction is to miss the fundamental development that the old, trade model, which was 'right' for ALL texts before, is no longer right for refereed journals. 

How much else it is also no longer right for is an empirical question, and the boundary lines are not nearly as clear or illuminating, though I expect that the algorithm I've proposed: 

'Does the author (1) seek/get any revenue for his text (royalties, fees) or does he instead (2) give it away, seeking only the eyes/minds of readers? If (1), it is trade, if (2) it is not.' 

http://amsci-forum.amsci.org/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind99&L=september-forum&F=lf&S=&P=15054

Varian:
Harnad:
But this can be settled empirically: Let a line be drawn in Cyberspace, and let those who are interested in giving away their products (whatever they are) as freebies in perpetuo step to the left of it (say), and let those who are not step to the right.
Look at the non-academic textual content on the WWW.  The vast majority of it is available for free.  Some of this free material involves compensation for the author, some doesn't.  I would argue that fundamental economic forces will keep it that way.  So the left side of your line will be heavily populated by both academic and non-academic authors.

But just as thinking in terms of the reader-end trade model for publication has been an obstacle to people's realizing where the refereed journal literature is headed, so has thinking in terms of freeware and the general give-away spirit of the Net! 

For freebies are then associated with the vanity press, without quality control (peer review). From this it becomes clear that SOMETHING still has to be paid for here, and that is the IMPLEMENTATION of the quality control (for referees referee for free). That is what leads to the unintuitive shift from a reader-institution market to an author-institution market for the SERVICE of quality control and certification [QC/C] (instead of the PRODUCT of a text). 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/nature2.html

Again, the give-away spirit of the Net is no guide in any of this. Net freebies are not quality controlled or certified! 

Varian:
Harnad:
In any case, that is the literature I am dedicated to freeing (from its hostage-hood to the trade model and S/L/P) -- not every product of the human mind!
I don't disagree with the rest of your argument.  I just think that your story about why academic publishing differs from trade publishing is wrong.  You argue that there is a fundamental difference in motivation between academic authors and trade authors: academic authors seek readers, and trade authors seek money.  In reality, academic authors and trade authors both seek money and readership.  And, in each case, readership is the primary driver.

Varian:
The real difference between the economics of academic and trade publishing is not due to having an entirely different set of motivations as you claim, but rather in the nature of the academic research process. Academic articles are both an input to research and an output of research, which is rather different from trade publications.  (Compare citation patterns in the two literatures.)

Varian:
Because the literature is both an input and an output, up until the last decade or so, it made sense for researchers to pay an intermediary to organize the selection, beautification, production, and distribution of academic research.  But now that the costs of beautification, production and distribution have declined so dramatically, the role of the intermediary has been dramatically changed, and it may make sense for authors to take on much more of the intermediary's role.  But the primary reason for this is due to the change in technology and the associated change in costs---it isn't due primarily to the difference in motivations, as you assert.

And there is one critical piece of 'beautification' that an author cannot do all on his own, and that is peer review. That is a service another 'provider' will have to continue to provide. In the case of scholarly books, its cost can be wrapped into the cost of publication, recovered from sales of the text; in the case of refereed journal articles, it, and it alone, can be recovered another way, eliminating the need for all sales barriers (to the eternal benefit, if you like, of the author's and the author's institution's 'visibility', and hence the indirect income accrued therefrom). 

Stevan Harnad

VARIAN:

Harnad:
Yes, but the question was whether they would trade it off for their refereed journal articles, not for their books and other activities.

Harnad:
(It would have been absurd of me to suggest that the authors of refereed journal articles don't care about making money at all: It's just that they don't want to make money by selling THOSE articles.)

Harnad:
Perhaps the meaning of 'make money on their texts' was not entirely clear the first time. I hope that now it is: It is the blockage of free access to THOSE texts (and not other texts they may write, or other things they may do with their time, that we are discussing here).

Harnad:
I said something stronger, and I repeat it: The authors of refereed journal articles are not interested in making money on THOSE texts at all.

Harnad:
The conclusion is that in the case of the refereed journal literature only, the author has an interest in there being NO INCOME (to anyone) from sale of his texts, because income means access-blockage. This is also in the interest of the author's institution, which likewise gains kudos (and grant income) from the impact of his research (not to mention their savings from S/L/P cancellations!)

A similar example is JSTOR, where back issues journal articles are available at zero marginal price to subscribing institutions. 

Indeed, this model is becoming somewhat common in the for-profit trade literature.  An author first publishes a book, then 2 or 3 years puts the text up on his or her web site. 

This is 'second degree temporal price discrimination' and presents one interesting business model for information goods.   See various papers at: 

http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/papers.html

for other examples.  Or see my trade book at: 

http://www.inforules.com

Or either of my textbooks at: 

http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/books.html. 

They all tell the same story with respect to this issue, simply directed at different audience. 

Harnad:
So with refereed journals it makes sense (and with books it does not) that costs should be paid for at the author-institution end (yielding free access for all) rather than the reader-institution end (blocking access, impact, income).

Harnad:
Sure they would, but so what? That still would not connect the author's income CAUSALLY to the income from the sale of his (refereed-journal) texts. (And, to simplify, if we say directly that it is impact/visibility, and not publication, on which the income ladder depends, then the NEGATIVE causal relation between S/L/P access barriers and author/institution income becomes even clearer.)

Harnad:
The trade/non-trade divide is fairly represented by the desire for and expectation of revenue directly from the sale of the text.

Harnad:
...prevents seeing that this reader-end market is the wrong one for refereed journal articles, which authors have always wanted to give away, but have been prevented from doing so by the economics of paper.

Harnad:
But this author-end market does NOT generalize to most books, which will continue to be bought and sold on the old, trade model. To blur this crucial distinction in either direction is to miss the fundamental development that the old, trade model, which was 'right' for ALL texts before, is no longer right for refereed journals.

Harnad:
Fine. I'm actually losing my grip on what we are disagreeing about...

   1) journal articles that are read by thousands of people each year (according to the Social Science Citation Index);
   2) textbooks that are read by tens of thousands of people each year (according to my royalty statements);
   3) technical trade books that are read by a thousand or so people each year); and
   4) a non-technical trade book that has sales in the many tens of thousands. 

I've also edited an academic journal read by tens of thousands of people a year, and have self-archived many of my publications online for 10 years using gopher, ftp and the Web. 

In my experience, most publication is a mixture of economic and non-economic motivations.  My textbooks and trade book were successful because my academic papers were widely read.  The visibility resulting from the academic, text, and trade books leads to more offers for speeches and consulting.  I don't see the stark division that you describe. 

Harnad:
For freebies are then associated with the vanity press, without quality control (peer review). From this it becomes clear that SOMETHING still has to be paid for here, and that is the IMPLEMENTATION of the quality control (for referees referee for free). That is what leads to the unintuitive shift from a reader-institution market to an author-institution market for the SERVICE of quality control and certification [QC/C] (instead of the PRODUCT of a text).

Harnad:
It's not academic vs. trade authors! It's academics when they wear their refereed-journal-author hats and every other author, including themselves, when wearing their book-author hats (except in the case of esoteric monographs).

The real difference is not at the level of the author, but at the level of the industry.  In the trade book industry the authors and the readers are quite distinct, whereas in the academic publishing industry the authors and readers are, by and large, the same people.  The academic publications are both an input to and an output of the research process.  Other publishing industries where authors and readers are the same people had similar business models, and, I suggest will have similar dynamics in their move to the Web.  (The apparent necessity of paying for the refereeing overhead makes things a bit more complicated in the academic markets.) 

Harnad:
This is all no doubt true. But books, academic and non-academic, can in principle bring direct incomes to their authors, and journal articles can't, and that's the point.

Harnad:
There are still texts that the author wants to sell. Let's call those trade (and they're mostly books) and texts the author wants to give away (let's call them non-trade, and ALL refereed journal articles fall into that category -- from their author's viewpoint).

I don't have substantive quarrels with the rest of your argument, or with your understanding of the academic publishing industry.  I just think that you don't understand the economics of the trade publishing industry.  The simple fact is that very, very few authors make any substantial sum of money in the trade industry, and their motivation for publishing trade books is more complex than you assert. 

Hal Varian

HARNAD:

An intrinsically interesting side-issue is emerging from the exchanges with Hal Varian. Nothing substantive hinges on it for the purposes of the strategy and outcome I happen to advocate -- what I have taken to calling the 'optimal and inevitable' one for the refereed journal literature: 

...freeing the literature online for everyone, everywhere, forever, through (1) universal public self-archiving of all refereed journal papers, and, when the time comes, (2) a downsizing of journals to roviders of the service of quality control and certification, paid for on the author-institution out of S/L/P savings rather than at the reader-institution end via access-blocking S/L/P.

If I AM exaggerating this difference, then Hal's view would be that the 'optimal and inevitable' for the refereed journal literature may well prove to be the optimal and inevitable for much of the rest of the literature too. 

Let me declare my cards at this point: I consider myself quite expert on many aspects of the refereed journal literature (having edited one major refereed paper journal for over two decades and one of the first refereed online-only journals for nearly a decade, having provided an online public archive for the self-archiving of unrefereed and refereed papers over two years now, and having written a number of articles on peer review and online journal publication); but I do NOT consider myself expert on any other forms of publication (nor on ANY kind of economics!). 

So I am taking up the gauntlet here for one reason only: That if I should happen to be right and Hal should happen to be wrong about the reality of the fundamental motivational difference between refereed-journal authors and (just about) all others, then it is important to sort this out, because it is only too easy otherwise to dismiss self-archiving initiatives as naive and Quixotic, tilting at the very Windmills of Capitalism, rather than as bringing out a profound though little-known home-truth about a small, anomalous subset of the published corpus, a home-truth with radical implications (but for that small literature only). 

There have been several repeated points of misunderstanding in our exchange so far. One has been that I am clearly not claiming that refereed-paper authors don't care about money! Nor that if there were some hypothetical, counterfactual way that they could have their cake and eat it too -- i.e., if everyone everywhere could and would have free access to their esoteric papers in perpetuo AND some entity were also prepared to pay them (the authors) for it -- then they would quite happily accept the eyes/minds AND the cash! 

The trouble is, that in reality there is a trade-off: If money must change hands in exchange for access, this entails that access is reduced. Moreover (again, in reality), none of the money that changes hands in exchange for access to the refereed journal corpus actually ever reaches its authors! So they get the worst of both worlds from the present system:  Fewer (much fewer) eyes/minds, and no cash! Nor would the cash that IS made from the toll-booths be nearly enough to compensate them for the trade-off, even if it WERE passed on to the authors. 

Now what I contend is that this non-optimal paradigm simply does not fit book publishing in general (nor even scholarly/academic book publishing in general -- although I agree that it may fit the special case of esoteric scholarly monographs with only the hope of a 'succes d'estime', or perhaps no hope of publication at all). 

So it is not saintliness about potential direct revenue from these papers, if revenue could drop like Manna from heaven, that sets these authors (when wearing these hats) apart. It is the reality of the trade-off, which means revenue here could only come at the expense of access barriers, and there isn't faintly enough potential revenue to make it even thinkable to embrace that trade-off. 

So much for potential misunderstandings about DIRECT revenue, from the sale of the papers themselves. There is no contest on the subject of INDIRECT revenue, from the IMPACT of the papers, and the way that that can enhance the incomes of their authors and their authors' institutions. Here too, refereed-paper authors are anything but saintly. 

But there IS a persisting misunderstanding about the CONTINGENCY (or causal relation) between the direct and indirect revenues: My point is that (since we have established that the direct S/L/P revenue (a) does not go into the author's pocket in any case -- and (b) it would not be nearly large enough to compensate for the trade-off of eyes/minds for cash even if it did) it follows that for this special literature the fact that ANY DIRECT INCOME AT ALL is being made by ANYONE from charging S/L/P tolls for access to the papers is actually NEGATIVELY correlated with the INDIRECT-revenue benefits to the authors. 

And causality is indeed the issue, rather than just correlation, for Hal is merely pointing to the overall positive correlation between publication/sales and impact/income: {more publication, more sales} -- {more impact, more income}. Sure! But if there were no sales-barriers, the impact/income would be still higher (MUCH higher, by my lights)! 

Now here comes my ignorance about the rest of the literature: I feel, intuitively and anecdotally, that this paradigm does not fit it, as it does the refereed journal literature. It's certainly true that all authors' (and especially academic authors') careers are likewise enhanced, the more they are read. And that if their books were given away for free, they would certainly be read more. I'm even ready to believe that their indirect income (from being read) outweighs their direct income (from the gate-receipts) in some cases (especially for beginning authors, vanity authors, and authors who, for whatever reason, are not destined to have many readers -- I have already conceded the authors of esoteric academic monographs as a special case). 

But (and it is hard to put this in formal terms), I still feel that that this is not the PARADIGMATIC case for books, as it IS for refereed papers; with books, is not the 'name of the game', and hence it would be misleading to treat it as such. 

But that's my best shot. I have no stronger arguments. So I now proceed to quote/comment mode with someone who is clearly far more expert in such matters than myself: 
 

Varian:
Harnad:
Yes, but the question was whether they would trade it off for their refereed journal articles, not for their books and other activities.
But of course they do---the time spent writing textbooks, consulting, and so on takes away from time spent writing and publishing academic articles.

In other words, it's about whether they would rather have the eyes or the cash (even if the cash were forthcoming -- which in this literature it is not!), NOT about how they trade off the rest of their timetable of activities. 

I can't understand why Hal's alternative, irrelevant and arbitrary trade-off keeps being swapped for the relevant one I had singled out from the outset. We are talking about the trade-off between selling it and giving it away; and in this special literature (papers) -- as opposed to the rest (books) -- there is simply NO CONTEST! 

Perhaps the direct/indirect trade-off would be resolved the same way for some no- or low-market books too, or at some early embryonic stages of their authors' careers, but those would be case-by-case decisions, whereas for the refereed literature it is, as they say, an open and shut case, paradigmatic. It is not written with a view to giving it away. 

(Or am I the only one who continues to see a profound disanalogy here, where direct revenue could at least in principle, if not always in practise, offset the trade-off in the one case, but not even in principle in the other?) 

Varian:
Harnad:
Perhaps the meaning of 'make money on their texts' was not entirely clear the first time. I hope that now it is: It is the blockage of free access to THOSE texts (and not other texts they may write, or other things they may do with their time, that we are discussing here).
This is a very, very limited sense of 'make money on their texts'. Obviously academics make money on their works since they are paid, in part, to publish them.   Perhaps you meant to say that academic authors would prefer to maximize the readership of their works. I agree that this is true.  But it is also true of non-academic authors.

So it's just about journal-papers vs. books (by academics). And my contention is that, because of the direct/indirect trade-off, the PARADIGM for journal-papers is give-away and the paradigm for the rest is not (although there are exceptions, such as esoteric monographs). <

 Varian:
Harnad:
I said something stronger, and I repeat it: The authors of refereed journal articles are not interested in making money on THOSE texts at all.
I submit they would be happy to make money on those texts, as long as it didn't dramatically reduce the readership.  You have implicitly assumed that the only way to 'make money on those texts' is to charge people to read them, thereby limiting access.  I think this is a very narrow view, and limits the kinds of business models you might consider for information industries.

Varian:
Harnad:
The conclusion is that in the case of the refereed journal literature only, the author has an interest in there being NO INCOME (to anyone) from sale of his texts, because income means access-blockage. This is also in the interest of the author's institution, which likewise gains kudos (and grant income) from the impact of his research (not to mention their savings from S/L/P cancellations!)
Here is where your confusion lies.  It is false (as an economic proposition) that there is a direct relationship between 'no income'  and 'access blockage'.  Consider a field where there is an economic demand for the research (engineering, medicine, finance, etc.) It is common to see research produced in these fields where publication is delayed. It is first made available for a high price via consultancies, newsletters, affiliates, etc., and later made available to the academic world at large. This way the authors have their cake and eat it too---make money, and still make the research available to all.  Obviously this practice can be abused, but that is beside the point.  The point is that income can be made even while providing broad access.

No, offering the author a cut of the gate receipts will NOT cut it, in this peculiar literature; and if that's the alternative 'business model', it's a non-starter here. (And hence the analogies where it may work are simply irrelevant, again.) 

Varian:
A similar example is JSTOR, where back issues journal articles are available at zero marginal price to subscribing institutions.

(The weasel-word was 'marginal price', because it glosses over the S/L/P barrier itself. Nor is an author happy about having his retrospective journal publications held hostage to S/L/P either: why should he be?) 

Remember, the alternative to each of these cases is self-archiving (which authors can do retrospectively too!).

http://www.arl.org/scomm/subversive/toc.html
http://www.openarchives.org/
http://www.eprints.org/index.html

Varian:
Indeed, this model is becoming somewhat common in the for-profit trade literature.  An author first publishes a book, then 2 or 3 years puts the text up on his or her web site.

(Moreover, short-half-life print runs and the actuarial statistics behind them are probably behind the practise you mention, as is the current inconvenience of on-screen discursive reading for book-length materials: Immediacy, and constant on-line accessibility and navigability are assets peculiar to the journal literature.) 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/citation.html

Varian:
This is 'second degree temporal price discrimination' and presents one interesting business model for information goods.

Varian:
Harnad:
So with refereed journals it makes sense (and with books it does not) that costs should be paid for at the author-institution end (yielding free access for all) rather than the reader-institution end (blocking access, impact income).
The conclusion has some merit, but I disagree with the analysis.  I claim that the fundamental force is not the difference in motivation of the authors (since trade authors and academic authors like both money and readers) but in the nature of the production process of research, and, in particular, that the producers and consumers are the same people.

It is true that both of these have a smaller and more inbred constituency than the non-academic book authorship/readership, but even in the former it is not literally true that the producers and consumers of any given work are the same (not even to the extent that it is true that contemporary composers compose only for one another!). It may very well be that a large proportion of the readers of my refereed journal articles are themselves authors of refereed journal articles, but so what? And so what if (when) it is true that most of the buyers of a book by an academic author are themselves authors of refereed journal articles? (The buyers can't be mostly book-authors -- not enough to go 'round -- except in the special case of those esoteric monographs for a narrow circle of peers only, which are again non-representative.) 

I don't think any principles follow from this inbredness -- except for that last special case where fellow-specialists are the only ones willing to shell out for an esoteric volume in their own speciality. The academic community is simply too large to be treated as just a peer market for one another's work. 

I think a potentially much more important side-effect of this inbredness, though, is peer review itself, and here again, the implications are different, and much more profound, for journals: For we are not only the authors and the consumers of the refereed literature, we are also its referees: WE do the quality controlling, and we do it for free, motivated, when all is said and done, by the Golden Rule, intrinsic interest (and perhaps some superstition and sometimes worse) more than anything else.

http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/nature2.html

The fact that even the quality controllers are us means that if journal publishers should prove (as I hope they will not) to be inclined to try to hold the literature hostage to access-tolls by trying to prevent us, through regressive copyright agreements, from self-archiving, then editorial boards are certainly in a position to bolt (as they have already done -- or threatened to do -- in a few cases)... 

http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Papers/Harnad/harnad00.scinejm.htm
http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/science.html

Varian:
To see why, look at another genre with this characteristic---fanzines for hobbiests (science fiction, collectors, etc.).  In the print fanzine world authors were not paid and the readers paid for zine via subscription, just as in the academic genre.  Now most of the hardcopy zines have moved to the Web where they are freely available.  I think you are right that this will happen with academic journals, but it isn't because academic authors wouldn't like to get paid for their texts.

http://helix.nature.com/webmatters/invisible/invisible.html

Varian:
Well, we could quarrel about the metaphysics of 'cause', I guess, but I would say that there is a pretty direct causal relationship between the number of readers of one's refereed articles and one's academic salary in the US.

Varian:
Harnad:
The trade/non-trade divide is fairly represented by the desire for and expectation of revenue directly from the sale of the text.
This is simply wrong.  Most trade books make very little money for the author directly from royalty revenues.  You only have to look at the statistics on authors' incomes.  The National Writers Union publishes such a survey and the numbers are strikingly small.

There is a counterpart in refereed-journal writing too, though. Most articles are read by few and cited by none (except the author himself). Does this restore the analogy? Hardly, for the dream of the researcher is of making an important finding and thereby making an important impact on further research (and, yes, its indirect income-enhancing consequences); what is the non-academic writer's dream, if not being widely read? 

(I made a mistake when I wrote earlier that reaching a maximum number of eyes/minds was an end in itself for the researcher, rather than just a means of making money from the sales of the texts: the end is actually reaching the RIGHT minds, the ones that will understand, build upon, and, yes, cite their work. What is the non-academic author's counterpart for this?) 

We had agreed we would only speak of academic authors' though: DO academic authors write books with motivations so different from those of non-academic authors? Are they really primarily after the indirect benefits rather than the direct ones from sales? It would be interesting to see the statistics for that specific literature (and controlled for cumulative life-cycle effects -- and perhaps even culled for esoteric 'failures')... But remember that 'desire and expectation' does refer to motivation (dreams), and not actuarial realism ... 

Varian:
Harnad:
...this reader-end market is the wrong one for refereed journal articles, which authors have always wanted to give away, but have been prevented from doing by the economics of paper.
Again you are making the leap from 'maximize the readership of' to 'give away'.  I agree with the former motivation (at least to the first order) but I deny that it immediately follows that the content must be given away.  This is one tool, but not the only one.

I would be interested to know what would be a BETTER 'tool' for maximizing access to my papers than making them available online for free for all forever. For self-archiving is within reach of one and all. Paul Ginsparg has led us to the water, and all we need do now is drink... 

Varian:
I claim that a smaller and smaller fraction of total written works will be sold in the trade model.   The majority of written work will be given away on the Web (in fact, that is probably true today).

Varian:
In my experience, most publication is a mixture of economic and non-economic motivations.  My textbooks and trade book were successful because my academic papers were widely read.  The visibility resulting from the academic, text, and trade books leads to more offers for speeches and consulting.  I don't see the stark division that you describe.

Varian:
I agree that the filtering is what need to be paid for.  (A quibble: some referees are paid, though typically not a sum that covers the time cost.)

'There is another Harnad, not myself, but a mathematical physicist by the name of John Harnad (and the one who first drew my attention to the Ginsparg Archive way back in the early '90s). J. Harnad has some further recommendations on the subject of referee answerability and compensation: He recommends that (a) all referees should be paid to referee papers; (b) payment for a rejected paper should be minimal (say, $200), but payment for an accepted paper should be commensurate with the effort of seeing it through the successive revisions (say, $2000) to successful publication; and, to avoid the potential abuse discussed above, (c) if a paper is accepted, the name of the accepting referee(s) should be co-published with it, to share the responsibility, praise or blame. He feels this would raise the quality of the refereeing and make the entire process much more answerable, hence effective, than it is now. 

'Obviously this proposal is compatible with the transition from reader-institution-end payment to author-institution-end payment, but it is an as yet untested peer-review reform proposal; all such reform proposals need to be tested empirically and practically before being implemented on any scale. Hence it should not detain us on the road to freeing the CURRENT refereed literature, such as it is.

'(I also think that there is not enough money in the world to pay fairly for the precious time that referees steal from their own research in order to do the mostly thankless task of peer review; hence the Golden Rule is probably the only one we can continue to rely on! SUBMISSION charges, creditable toward PUBLICATION charges should the paper be accepted, may not be a bad idea to levy on authors, though, with or without referee payment, for it too might help raise submission-standards and even revision-conscientiousness, thereby perhaps even lightening some of the burden on the work-horse referees; but this too would need pre-testing.)' 

Varian:
Harnad:
It's not academic vs. trade authors! It's academics when they wear their refereed-journal-author hats and every other author, including themselves, when wearing their book-author hats (except in the case of esoteric monographs).
Hmm. So academic authors like money when they write trade books and don't like money when they write [journal papers]?

Varian:
The real difference is not at the level of the author, but at the level of the industry.  In the trade book industry the authors and the readers are quite distinct, whereas in the academic publishing industry the authors and readers are, by and large, the same people.  The academic publications are both an input to and an output of the research process.  Other publishing industries where authors and readers are the same people had similar business models, and, I suggest will have similar dynamics in their move to the Web.

Varian:
(The apparent necessity of paying for the refereeing overhead makes things a bit more complicated in the academic markets.)

Varian:
Harnad:
This is all no doubt true. But books, academic and non-academic, can in principle bring direct incomes to their authors, and journal articles can't, and that's the point.
I agree that journal articles don't bring direct income to the authors under the current business model, but that is a rather obvious observation.  Whether they 'can't' or not could be disputed.

Varian:
But the more interesting observation is that trade books generally don't bring much direct income to authors either.  Authors publish trade books because of glory they get, for the most part, some of which can be translated into money.

Varian:
You are simply making the same false claim over and over again.  Authors would be happy to make money from their journal articles, it's just that few publishers offer them this option.  So it is not the motivation of the authors that is relevant, but rather the business model for the industry.

Varian:
I don't have substantive quarrels with the rest of your argument, or with your understanding of the academic publishing industry.  I just think that you don't understand the economics of the trade publishing industry.  The simple fact is that very, very few authors make any substantial sum of money in the trade industry, and their motivation for publishing trade books is more complex than you assert.

Stevan Harnad

VARIAN:

Harnad:
Our disagreement is only about whether I am exaggerating the difference between the motivations of refereed-journal papers-authors (regarding THOSE papers) and authors in general -- of books, magazine articles, etc. -- in suggesting that the former are, and have always been, interested ONLY in giving those papers away, whereas other authors (as well as themselves, when wearing other hats) have at least the hope of some direct revenue from the sale of their texts.

If I AM exaggerating this difference, then Hal's view would be that the 'optimal and inevitable' for the refereed journal literature may well prove to be the optimal and inevitable for much of the rest of the literature too.

The big question, as you have rightly identified, is the role of the editors/referees/filterers of information.   What is the economic model for this activity, in both the academic and the non-academic literature?  You argue that the author should pay for this filtering role.  Perhaps that is right, but one could also make a case that the reader should pay since he is the direct beneficiary of the filtering, and that is the real value added in the publication process, especially now that the other costs have been driven so low. 

Harnad:
There have been several repeated points of misunderstanding. One has been that I am clearly not claiming that refereed-paper authors don't care about money! Nor that if there were some hypothetical, counterfactual way that they could have their cake and eat it too -- i.e., if everyone everywhere could and would have free access to their esoteric papers in perpetuo AND some entity were also prepared to pay them (the authors) for it -- then they would quite happily accept the eyes/minds AND the cash!

Harnad:
So it is not saintliness about potential direct revenue from these papers, if revenue could drop like Manna from heaven, that sets these authors (when wearing these hats) apart. It is the reality of the trade-off, which means revenue here could only come at the expense of access barriers, and there isn't faintly enough potential revenue to make it even thinkable to embrace that trade-off.

Harnad:
And causality is indeed the issue, rather than mere correlation, for Hal is merely pointing to the overall positive correlation between publication/sales and impact/income: {more publication, more sales} -- {more impact, more income}. Sure! But if there were no sales, the impact/income would be still higher (MUCH higher, by my lights)!

Harnad:
But (and it is hard to put this in formal terms), I still feel that that this is not the PARADIGMATIC case for books, as it IS for refereed papers; with books, is not the 'name of the game', and hence it would be misleading to treat it as such.

I turn now to the direct responses, limiting myself only to those where something new can be said. 

Harnad:
Yes, IF (equals where, and when) the subscription is paid. Tell that to all my potential readers who are NOT lucky enough to be at an institution that can afford the subscription!

Harnad:
It may very well be that a large proportion of the readers of my refereed journal articles are themselves authors of refereed journal articles, but so what?

I don't think any principles follow from this inbredness ...

Harnad:
This is the general Net freeware/vanity-press analogy, and I'm afraid I still don't find it helpful: Yes, refereed journal articles are give-aways, like fanzines, but they are quality-controlled, certified give-aways, hence not vanity press (and they still require an economic model for covering the essential costs of quality/control/certification).
http://helix.nature.com/webmatters/invisible/invisible.html

Harnad:
And perhaps the profession also contains a large proportion of failures. But surely no writer's desires and expectations are based on the actuarial facts about starters and failures!

There is a counterpart in refereed-journal writing too, though. Most articles are read by few and cited by none (except the author himself). Does this restore the analogy? Hardly, for the dream of the researcher is of making an important finding and thereby making an important impact on further research (and, yes, its indirect income-enhancing consequences); what is the non academic writer's dream, if not being widely read?

Harnad:
Would you not say that the long-standing practise of distributing free (paper) reprints to reprint-requesters tends in my direction? As does the absence of a corresponding tendency with books (except in the case of Vanity Press)? (Publishers are always happy to pay royalties to an author in the form of free copies of his book: Why is this not taken up more by authors?)

Harnad:
Varian:
I claim that a smaller and smaller fraction of total written works will be sold in the trade model.   The majority of written work will be given away on the Web (in fact, that is probably true today).
Would you say that the rising success of Amazon Books was evidence for or against your prediction?

Harnad:
By what business model would authors make money from their journal articles? how much? and how do you think that would fare against self-archiving? (Another way to put it -- I think I've already asked this once: How much money would the publisher of my refereed paper have to pay me so that I relinquish my self-archiving right? And where would he get enough money for that?)

Hal Varian

HARNAD:

The exchange with Hal Varian has been very interesting, but in the interests of hastening convergence, I will be more telegraphic in my quote/commenting in this round, but first a summary: 

The only two substantive issues now are (1) an error (about 'author charges') and (2) a disagreement (about who should pay for peer review). 

(1) Hal speaks of AUTHOR charges, and I keep speaking of AUTHOR-INSTITUTION charges. The annual costs for quality control/certification (QC/C) (less than 1/3 of the total institutional S/L/P cost